The Quran, the holy scripture of Islam, is the most comprehensive source of reference for humankind to understand the teachings of Islam. Undeniably, understanding the Quran is a principal and an important aspect in the life of an individual Muslim regardless of their differences. In reality, understanding the teaching of the Quran and applying it in life can make a servant of Allah s.w.t succeed in all aspects of his life. In order to ensure accurate and correct application of the teachings of the Quran among Muslims, it is important that their level of understanding is investigated first. This will ensure guidance can be provided accordingly and appropriately. This conceptual paper compiles four levels of understanding the Quran among diverse groups of people, which are Naïve, Novice, Intermediate, and Expert.
Keywords: Religion, Quran, People Understanding, Social Stratification, Holy Books
The flag inscribed with the phrase tauḥīd has been claimed by Jihadist-extremism groups to use the narrative hadith as a representation of the flag of the Prophet Muhammad (Liwā' and Rāyah). This phenomenon inspires researchers to carry out in-depth investigations on the history of the hadith, either through micro analysis (isnād) or macro analysis (matn). The purpose of this investigation is to reveal the status and motive for the existence of the phrase tauḥīd on the Prophet's flag. This research uses a qualitative interpretive study to explore the historical-critical paradigm through isnād-cum-matn approach by Harald Motzki. The findings show that the phrase tauḥīd, which is claimed to be part of the symbol of the Prophet's flag, is only the form of insertion (idrāj) by Ḥayyan bin Ubaidillah as “the real common link”. The deviation was carried out as propaganda against the political contestation between the Abbasiyya dynasty and the Umayya dynasty in Egypt. This study’s results supply a new perspective that the religious symbols used as religious identity are not all based on valid sources.Keywords: Prophet’s Flag, Tauḥīd Phrase, Hadith, Isnād-cum-Matn, Political Religion Symbolic
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