Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have become the leading cause of disability and death worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Hypertension, a major cause of CVD progression, is widely attributable to genetic, behavioral, and environmental risk factors. Among the genetic reasons, angiotensin II enzyme, produced as a result of abnormal functioning of the renin–angiotensin system, is reported as the foremost cause of hypertension. A cascade of genes, including those encoding for WNK kinases (WNK1 and WNK4), Bp1, Bp2, angiotensinogen, and other enzymes, is involved in the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. However, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays a crucial role in this pathway. Therefore, ACE could be a potential therapeutic target in regulating the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and eventually controlling hypertension. In this study, a molecular docking-based approach was utilized for identifying and evaluating potential inhibitors of ACE present in herbs, other natural sources, and synthetic sources, on the basis of these compounds’ binding affinities and other physicochemical features. In addition, the suitability of these inhibitors as drugs for biological systems, considering their adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), was predicted using Lipinski’s rule. In conclusion, our study provides a novel and clearer insight into the interaction properties of known putative inhibitors of ACE.

Aim: An epidemiological study of gastrointestinal parasites of working camels in Sokoto metropolis was conducted between March and September, 2013, where the general prevalence and seasonal distribution were identified. Materials and Methods:A total of 100 faecal samples from working camels were examined using standard parasitological techniques (Centrifugal sedimentation and simple flotation). Microscopic examination of faecal samples revealed that some samples were positive for at least one or more parasite eggs/oocysts. Results:The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was found to be 78 (78.0%) and seasonal prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was found to be 35 (70.0%) for the dry season and 43 (86.0%) for the rainy season. Overall, the prevalence of nematodes, trematodes, cestodes, and protozoa were 87 (80.56%), 7 (6.48%), 4 (3.71%) and 10 (9.26%), respectively. The prevalence of helminths parasites indicated as most dominant eggs of Strongyles 68 (62.96%) followed by Strongyloides spp 10 (9.26%), and Trichuris spp 8 (7.41%), while Protozoan oocyst from the faecal samples recorded Coccidia spp 9 (8.33%). The prevalence by sex, age, and breed were also determined in the study animals. Conclusion:The presence of polyparasitism with high prevalence is an indication that favorable environmental conditions for infection, survival and perpetuation of the parasites exist in Sokoto metropolis.

Fish solid wastes include different by-products such as bones, scales and hides that are high in collagen content and account for up to 75% of the total body weight. These wastes can be utilised for the extraction of different products such as gelatin that can be used in different food and pharmaceutical industries. Fish gelatin can be used as a replacement for mammalian gelatin due to its nutritional profile as it contains all the amino acids: essential and non-essential. Fish gelatin cannot only be used as a replacement for bovine and porcine gelatin but it also increases the utilisation of fish waste and reduces pollution. This review summarises the potential utilisation of different fish waste byproducts, extraction techniques and its application in different food products as an alternative to commercially available porcine and bovine gelatin.

Open dumping site causes a serious environmental problem that included water, air, surface water and ground water. Ground water is very precious source of water, but it is deteriorated by leachate formation which contains many dangerous complex compounds. Nearby areas are more affected in water quality than the far-off areas. The present study explored the municipal open dumping site of Faisalabad impacts on ground water quality. Six points were selected for water sampling at different specific distances from the sites in the study area. Then the samples were examined for seven parameters that included TDS, pH, Hardness, Turbidity, Fecal Coliform and Total Coliform to investigate the affected ground water quality. Results have showed that dangerous pollutants are important component of ground water that are in more concentration then standards and is unfit for consumption. It may result to different water born diseases respiratory problems and lungs cancer etc. Proper monitoring and supervision for leachate management and waste disposal are suggested.

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