For the potential switching bio-memory device application using DNA composite thin film, we fabricated and characterized the transparent and biocompatible resistive switching random access memory (RRAM) device within the structure stacking of Pt/Cu2+ doped salmon DNA/FTO, where Cu2+ doping into salmon DNA was solution-processed. The device shows good bipolar switching characteristics with SET and RESET processes at negative and positive sweeps, respectively, with switching memory window greater than 103 ratios. The device was observed to be in low resistance state as its pristine state and an initial RESET state was necessary to achieve programmable SET and RESET cycles. Based on the electrical characteristics of the Cu2+-doped salmon DNA-based RRAM device we propose a switching mechanism with the formation and rupture of conductive filaments due to the migration of Cu2+ during the electrical stress. Our understanding could contribute to the engineering of biomaterial memory switching medium for the environmentally benign, biocompatible and biodegradable memory storage devices.
Owing to its high information density, energy efficiency, and massive parallelism, DNA computing has undergone several advances and made significant contributions to nanotechnology. Notably, arithmetic calculations implemented by multiple logic gates such as adders and subtractors have received much attention because of their well-established logic algorithms and feasibility of experimental implementation. Although small molecules have been used to implement these computations, a DNA tile-based calculator has been rarely addressed owing to complexity of rule design and experimental challenges for direct verification. Here, we construct a DNA-based calculator with three types of building blocks (propagator, connector, and solution tiles) to perform addition and subtraction operations through algorithmic self-assembly. An atomic force microscope is used to verify the solutions. Our method provides a potential platform for the construction of various types of DNA algorithmic crystals (such as flip-flops, encoders, and multiplexers) by embedding multiple logic gate operations in the DNA base sequences.
Target-oriented cellular automata with computation are the primary challenge in the field of DNA algorithmic self-assembly in connection with specific rules.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is effective for molecular computation because of its high energy efficiency, high information density, and parallel-computing capability. Although logic implementation using DNA molecules is well established in binary systems (base value of 2) via decoration of hairpin structures on DNA duplexes, systems with base values of >2 (e.g. 3, corresponding to a ternary system) are rarely discussed owing to the complexity of the design and the experimental difficulties with DNA. In this study, DNA rule tiles that participate to form algorithmic DNA crystals exhibiting the ternary representation of an N (N = 1 or 2)-input and 1-output algorithmic assembly are conceived. The number of possible algorithmic patterns is in the ternary N-input and 1-output logic gate. Thus, the number of possible rules is 27 (=33) for a 1-input and 1-output algorithmic logic gate and 19 638 (=39) for a 2-input and 1-output algorithmic logic gate. Ternary bit information (i.e. 0-, 1-, and 2-bit) is encoded on rule tiles without hairpins and with short and long hairpins. We construct converged, line-like, alternating, and commutative patterns by implementing specific rules (TR00, TR05, TR07, and TR15, respectively) for the 1-input and 1-output gate and an ascending line-like pattern (with the rule of TR3785) for the 2-input and 1-output gate. Specific patterns generated on ternary-representing rule-embedded algorithmic DNA crystals are visualized via atomic force microscopy, and the errors during the growth of the crystals are analyzed (average error rates obtained for all experimental data are <4%). Our method can easily be extended to a system having base values of >3.
Algorithmic DNA lattices are constructed using pre-defined rules such as COPY, NOT, and XOR, where patterns are predicted based on initial values. However, the experimental implementation of an unpredictable random walk pattern (which is the implementation of a random rule, i.e., equally probable to move toward either the left or right in 1D systems) in DNA has not been reported yet. Here, we construct DNA lattices with DNA rule tiles implemented using the random rule. Patterns are visualized by atomic force microscopy. Finally, we discussed the average displacement, mean-square displacement, and number of displacement occurrences of experimental as well as simulated 1D random walk. The encoded information in sticky ends of DNA rule tiles demonstrates the feasibility of universal computation through DNA algorithmic self-assembly, which could be extremely beneficial in future computations.
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