These results provide a clear indication for the pre-SWL insertion of a ureteral stent in patients with stones >20 mm in diameter. In the event of Steinstrasse, SWL of the collection should be tried before more invasive endourologic procedures are considered.
Lidocaine jelly instillation proximal to ureteral calculi during lithotripsy is an effective method of preventing retrograde stone displacement as well as significantly improving the stone-free rate.
Semirigid URS using pneumatic lithotripsy for treatment of stones >30 mm2 is a safe and highly efficacious procedure particularly in the distal ureter. There is a significant difference in the SF and EQ between upper/middle ureteral stone and lower ureteral stone. Stone size has a direct relation with the SF and EQ. Upper ureteral stones have a longer time to SF compared to middle and lower ureteral stones (p < 0.001).
Abstract-Multi-objective EAs (MOEAs) are well established population-based techniques for solving various search and optimization problems. MOEAs employ different evolutionary operators to evolve populations of solutions for approximating the set of optimal solutions of the problem at hand in a single simulation run. Different evolutionary operators suite different problems. The use of multiple operators with a selfadaptive capability can further improve the performance of existing MOEAs. This paper suggests an enhanced version of a genetically adaptive multi-algorithm for multi-objective (AMAL-GAM) optimisation which includes differential evolution (DE), particle swarm optimization (PSO), simulated binary crossover (SBX), Pareto archive evolution strategy (PAES) and simplex crossover (SPX) for population evolution during the course of optimization. We examine the performance of this enhanced version of AMALGAM experimentally over two different test suites, the ZDT test problems and the test instances designed recently for the special session on MOEA's competition at the Congress of Evolutionary Computing of 2009 (CEC'09). The suggested algorithm has found better approximate solutions on most test problems in terms of inverted generational distance (IGD) as the metric indicator.
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