Background: Direct consequence of microbes developing resistance against antibiotics is prolonged hospitalization, increased treatment cost and duration. Increased duration of hospitalization causes prolonged use antibiotics which results towards side effects. Primary Study Objective: The purpose of antibiotics use is either to kill the microbes (bactericidal) or slows down their growth (bacteriostatic). Irrational use of antibiotics makes them does their exact opposite. Instead of killing microbes or slowing down their growth, it allows microbes to develop resistance against antibiotics. Methods/Design: An observational concurrent study was performed in which data was collected. Individuals were interviewed using structured questionnaire. Percentage of rationality and irrationality of antibiotics use was observed. Additionally, percentage of prescribed class of antibiotics was also observed in patients.
Background: Osteoarthritis is a disorder of joints that most often influences the knee, spine, hip, and small hands joints. It is one of the common types of arthritis. It can lead to reduced mobility in elder patients. Primary objective: The aim of the project is to evaluate the current etiology, pathogenesis, investigations, and management of osteoarthritis. Methods/Design: The history of patients suffering from osteoarthritis was collected on a designed questionnaire which includes age, gender, job status, duration of disease, weight, pain, and current medical history. Setting: Data was taken from different people in the community Participants: Data from 50 patients were taken. Intervention: This work will discuss the challenges of developing good quality outcome measures for use in large-scale multicenter clinical trials for new osteoarthritis treatments, especially disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs. Primary Outcome Measures: The data evaluation showed that this disease is most common in women than men having a weight greater than 50kg. Results: Most persons suffering from this disease were unemployed and had limited physical activities, and the maximum had complaints of knee pain and shoulder pain. A few patients complained of neck, elbow, feet, and backbone pain. Most were suffering from other concomitant diseases along with osteoarthritis, and a few were diagnosed with osteoarthritis only. Conclusion: This study clearly showed the prime factors involved in osteoarthritis which may help the community to avoid those factors to increase the quality of life.
Background: SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) COV-2 has become a global problem since its emergence in 2019 from Wuhan, China as it is most deadly pandemic since Spanish flu in 1918. Primary Study Objective: This study analyzed the people ‘s perception regarding COVID-19 and precautionary measures taken by them during COVID- 19 peak time. Methods/Design: An observational concurrent study was performed in which data was collected from population in rural and urban areas of Punjab and Azad Kashmir using questionnaires. Setting: This survey was carried out in rural and urban areas of Punjab and Azad Jammu and Kashmir Participants: 305 participants were included in the study Intervention: Data was collected from the educated participants of different age groups belongs to different profession. Primary Outcome Measures: Purpose of the study is to know about that conception of COVID -19 in both rural and urban areas of Pakistan so that effective therapy can be given to the nation. Results: It was found that people from both populations had adequate knowledge about COVID-19 and followed restriction imposed by the government during lockdown period. Moreover, population in rural areas was more likely to believe in the myths and rumors about COVID-19 existence. Conclusion: It was concluded that there is need of generating awareness among general population through adequate means which provide authentic information to people and lockdown is not a solution. Everyone should take of his own life by wearing masks and following protocols.
Primary Study Objective: Purpose of the study was to assess to risk factors of diabetes type II and complications in diabetic patient of tertiary care hospital. Methods/Design: Cross sectional study conducted to evaluate the risk factors associated with diabetes Mellitus. Setting: Tertiary hospitals of Islamabad and Azad Kashmir was selected for the current study. Participants: 50 patients assessed without any gender discrimination age between 35 to 85 years for risk factors and complications. Intervention: Data was collected from patients that were bed ridden admitted in hospitals. A total of 50 patients were included in this study with age limit more than 35 years and without any discrimination of gender. Primary Outcome Measures: In tertiary care hospitalized patient's obesity, inactivity and family history were the major risk factor for diabetes mellitus type 2 and we calculated the obesity, inactivity and family history percentage in diabetic patients 63%, 49% and 67% respectively. Results: Percentage of risk factors calculated the obesity, inactivity and family history in diabetic patients 63%, 49% and 67% respectively. Macro vascular complications in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 were stroke 3%, angina 8%, hypertension and cognitive impairment have highest percentages i.e., 78%. 46% patients were suffering from ulceration; gangrene and amputation have percentages 19% and 3% respectively. Patients with microvascular complications of diabetic nephropathy were assessed for their albuminuria 25%, edema 32% and incontinence 28%. Conclusion: These complications can be avoided if patients of DM type 2 adopt a healthy lifestyle, do exercise and monitor their blood glucose levels regularly. Patients should also control their blood pressure to avoid damage to their microvasculature.
Background: Hypertension is defined as a sustained systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mm Hg or sustained diastolic blood pressure greater than 90mm Hg. Hypertension occurs due to increased peripheral vascular arteriolar smooth muscle tone which leads to increased arteriolar resistance and reduced capacitance of the venous system. Primary objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypertension in different areas of Pakistan and Azad Kashmir. Methods/Design: The survey was conducted among the population of different areas of Pakistan and Azad Kashmir, evaluating the dietary habits of the habitants, age factors, marital status, and job status. Setting: Data was taken from Rawalpindi Institute of Cardiology Pakistan. Participants: Data from 50 participants with different age groups was taken from the Rawalpindi Institute of Cardiology Pakistan. Intervention: Our 6th monthly survey showed that the major factors that exaggerate hypertension are, inappropriate diet, job stress, and workload, smoking in adults, age, and concomitant diseases. Primary Outcome Measures: The study is very effective for the community because it provides awareness about the emerging factors of hypertension and highlights the different ways of treating it both pharmacologically and non-pharmacologically. Results: The study revealed that people over 60 suffer more from hypertension. The disease was more common in working males than females. Smokers and patients suffering from other concomitant diseases were more prone to this disease. Conclusion: Studies help the community to modify their lifestyle to eradicate the disease. It will help in the early diagnosis of diseases and the appropriate therapy to enjoy a healthy and carefree lifestyle.
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