This study examines the urbanization and CO2 emissions nexus in Nigeria using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method to analyze the annual time series data spanning from 1974 to 2015. Findings suggest that urbanization, GDP, energy use, and carbon emissions are strongly and positively correlated, while trade and carbon emissions exhibit a weak and negative correlation. The ARDL result shows a negatively significant short-term and long-term connection between urbanization and carbon emission in the Nigerian economy. In the short-term, GDP, trade and energy use positively affect carbon emission while in the long-term, trade and GDP negatively affect carbon emissions with energy use having a positive impact on carbon emissions. The study, therefore, concludes that urbanization does not cause carbon emission to rise in Nigeria, but energy use does. From the findings, it was recommended that there is a need for the use of energy-saving and environmentally friendly technology to reduce the amount of carbon emission in the economy.
This paper investigates the performance of various control schemes for level control of a coupled tank process. The nonlinear dynamic model of the system was derived using the analytical and empirical approaches. To investigate the performance of the controllers, proportional plus integral control, proportional plus integral plus feedforward control and internal model control (IMC) have been proposed. The PI gains were determined using pole placement, Ciancone correlation, and Cohen-Coon tuning techniques. Time response specification and mean absolute error (MAE) are used to assess the level control performance of the designed controllers. Comparative MATLAB simulation assessments have shown that IMC with the least MAE value and fastest settling time has the best tracking performance as compared to other controllers.
A numerical computational treatment of transient electrically conducting fluid with an Arrhenius chemical reaction in the presence of Navier slip and Newtonian heating is obtained by using implicit finite difference scheme. A transverse magnetic field is applied to the flow direction due to the exothermic nature of the fluid. Numerical computation shows that, higher values of Frank-Kamenetskii parameter (λ) and Biot number (Br) significantly influence the transport phenomenon. Irrespective of smaller or larger time, Magnetic parameter (M) reduces velocity of the fluid as well as wall shear stress.
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