In recent decades, day-to-day lifestyle requires online payments as easy and simple solutions to several financial transactions, which makes the concept of Electronic payment Systems very popular in the growth of a cashless society. In fact, cashless transactions through simple mobile apps are not merely a concept anymore rather are implemented robustly and being used extensively. On the dark side, obvious financial benefits are making these apps vulnerable to being attacked, which can be successful through security breaches. These cybersecurity issues need to be traced out and resolved to make the financial transactions through an app secure and trustworthy. In this paper, several related papers are analyzed to trace out possible cybersecurity issues in the domain of Electronic Transaction System. The objective is to establish sufficient theoretical background to propose methodologies for measuring security issues and also identify the security strength of any FinTech application and provide standard security metrics.
Adverse drug reaction (ADR) is quite common and poses a huge medical and economic burden all over the world. Understanding the role of genetic variant and microbes in drug response and using this knowledge in prescribing drugs will help to reduce ADR and improve drug efficacy. We have collected pharmacogenomic and pharmacomicrobiomics data currently available for several drugs. We found both the associated genetic variants and microbes for only five drugs (Fluorouracil, Irinotecan, Methotrexate, Ribavirin, Warfarin). Among them, 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found to be associated with response to fluorouracil, 6 with Ribavirin, 8 with warfarin, 1 with irinotecan, and 3 with methotrexate. Allelic distribution shows significant differences among different populations and African population have lower extent of linkage disequilibrium than non‐Africans. Various microbial species are associated with either increasing or decreasing drug effectivity or toxicity of those drugs. This study indicates a great potential if these two fields are explored more and used in combination for drug therapy.
The delta land Bangladesh has a unique coastline where numerous rivers meet the Bay of Bengal, creates a complex net of tidal river estuaries, forming the base for world’s largest mangrove forest the Sundarbans. Chalna is small town located at the confluence of Rupsha and Chunkuri rivers, only 9 km north of the Sundarbans, and a well know river port. The Sundarbans, which acts as a buffer between the sea and the human habitats including arable lands. The forest is rich in unique biodiversity and natural resources providing livelihoods of a large number of people living in the towns and villages around it. As the region is near the sea and land morphology is plain and of low altitude it is always vulnerable to natural disasters. Due to global warming and sea level rising the land mass is vulnerable to flooding. The sign of climate change; erratic behavior of rainfall and draught, intrusion of salinity etc., are changing the usual pattern of agriculture and fishing, affecting the livelihoods of the people here. The eco system of this mangrove forest is also threatened by recent policies of the Government and initiatives of private sectors of establishing high risk industrial establishments like thermal power plant, liquid petroleum gas stations etc., around Chalna and its surrounding region in sprawling manner. The potential of running large number of vessels through the rivers and canals of the Sundarbans might have negative impacts of the flora and fauna living there. Popular protests against these harmful interventions are being observed, international public organizations and concerned learned societies are also recommending not let these damaging developments going on. Although there are some promises from the government to the international agencies, there is no sign of management of such developments. This paper systematically investigates the reasons of this phenomenon, identifies the challenges and concludes that; absence of regional spatial planning in Bangladesh, neglecting the values of environment and public goods, defying the regulations in various ways and not accounting public opinions in the decision making process are the core ones.
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