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The effects of power ultrasound pretreatments on the degree of hydrolysis (DH), angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, amino acid composition, surface hydrophobicity, protein solubility, and thermal stability of ACE inhibition of rapeseed protein hydrolysates were evaluated. Ultrasonic pretreatments before enzymolysis in terms of power and exposure time increased the DH and ACE inhibitory activities over the control (without sonication). In this study, maximum DH 22.07% and ACE inhibitory activity 72.13% were achieved at 600 W and 12 min pretreatment. Compared to the hydrolysates obtained without sonication, the amino acid profile of ultrasound pretreated hydrolysates showed significant changes particularly in the proline content and hydrophobic amino acids with an increased rate of 2.47% and 6.31%, respectively. Ultrasound pretreatment (600 watts, 12 min) improved functional properties of protein hydrolysates over control by enhancing surface hydrophobicity and solubility index with an increased rate of 130.76% and 34.22%. Moreover, the stability test showed that the ACE inhibitory activity remains stable against heat treatments. However, extensive heat, prolonged heating time, and alkaline conditions were not in the favor of stability test, while under mild heat and acidic conditions their ACE inhibitory activities were not significantly different from unheated samples.

Experiments with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and graphite as targets in a source of negative ions with cesium sputtering (SNICS) have shown that MWCNTs with nm radii and μm length can be compared with μm-size graphite grains to understand the irradiation effects that include the formation, sputtering of carbon clusters and the resulting structural changes. The simultaneous adsorption of Cs˚ on the surface and bombardment by energetic Cs + is shown to play its role in the cluster formation and sputtering of carbon atoms and clusters (C x ; x ≥1) and the cesium-substituted carbon clusters (CsC x ) as anions. Sputtered species' qualitative and quantitative outputs are related to their respective structures. Structural changes are shown to occur in MWCNTs and seen in SEM micrographs. The individual identity of the heavily bombarded MWCNTs may have given way to the merged structures while effects on the structure of heavily irradiated graphite grains size needs to be further investigated.

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Drought is one of the most common abiotic stresses that badly effect plant growth, causes yield losses. Sunflower requires less water and thus has the capability to survive under drought stress condition. A drought stress condition affect various plant processes reducing plant growth, lessen the developmental stages of cell and tissues, and causes many changes in physiological, morphological and biochemical processes. Nitrogen is the major nutrient among all the nutrients because of its multifarious effects on crop development and production. Many primary processes in plant are governed by nitrogen like nutrient uptake, metabolism of protein, photosynthetic behavior, carbon division and various enzymatic as well as hormonal actions. Studies showed that reduced nutrient uptake and nutrient deficiencies inhibit the normal function of plant in dry soils. Many techniques have been used worldwide to compete with the nutrient scarcity in drought stress. To reduce the unfavorable influences of drought, nitrogen application through soil or by foliar in sunflower is recommended for obtaining higher yield.

Quince fruit is a late season, non -climacteric fruit and not grown all over the world. Samples were collected from Nomal Village and Physio chemical Analysis were conducted and results of the samples after analysis are Total Soluble Solids (TSS), ash content, sugars (total sugars, reducing and non -reducing), total phenolics and ascorbic acid (12.36 0Brix), (3.36%), (9.63%), (5.26%), (4.36%), (15.70 mg GAE/100g), and (23.66 mg/100g Malic acid) respectively, were found high in sweet variety of Quince fruit as compared to sour variety (10.73 0Brix), (2.53%), (9.00%), (5.05%), (4.00%), and (7.70 mg GAE/100g) respectively and (20.33 mg/100g Malic acid) respectively, of which pH, moisture content, antioxidants and Titratable Acidity were statistically same in both varieties of Quince fruit. Physical attributes such as fruit thickness, fruit volume, fruit weight, pulp weight and sphericity (93.00 mm), (328.53 cm3), (335.00g) (331.00g) and (122.20%) respectively were recorded higher in sweet variety of Quince fruit compared to sour variety of Quince fruit (89.60), (285.40 cm3), (293.33g), (289.00g) and (103%) respectively, Geometric mean diameter and length (83.33mm), and (96.66mm) respectively were found high in sweet variety of Quince fruit compared to sour variety of Quince (73.33 mm), and (86.66mm) respectively, of which edible portion, seed and peel were statistically same in both varieties. Higher scores were assigned for taste, color, flavor and overall acceptability (7.333), (7.400), (8.266) and (8.366) respectively in sweet variety of Quince fruit as compared to sour variety of Quince fruit (6.233), (7.233), (7.266) and (7.166) respectively. However color scores of both varieties were statistically same.

The desi yoghurt samples were collected from various narrow villages of Gilgit District. The desi yoghurt is prepared with pure cow milk by a hygienic and organic process. Results indicate that yoghurt of Oshikandas showed high moisture content and total soluble solids; whereas, Gilgit town yoghurt showed low moisture content and high titratable acidity. Likewise, Danyoure yoghurt showed low total soluble solids as compare to other yoghurts. This study concludes that Gilgit town yoghurt is recommended to be followed for manufacturing since its shelf life is high due to having low moisture content than other two, furthermore; these yoghurts are as per standard of high quality. Yoghurt being nutritious, having healing characteristics and curing gastro intestinal problems, is very beneficial for human's health. Therefore, uses of yoghurt may be considered mandatory in the daily diet.