Rotation of galactic objects has been seen in the CMB that could be ascribed to molecular hydrogen clouds with, or without, dust contamination and contamination from other sources. We model the clouds using the canonical ensemble for pure molecular hydrogen, a mixture of hydrogen helium and or dust, in order to constrain the physical parameters of these clouds. Since, the clouds are cold, we justify the use of the canonical ensemble by explicitly calculating the interaction between the hydrogen molecules and the CMB photons and determining the time required for thermal equilibrium to be reached, and show that there is enough time for the equilibrium to be attained.

The analysis of WMAP and Planck CMB data has shown the presence of temperature asymmetries towards the halos of several galaxies, which is probably due to the rotation of clouds present in these halos about the rotational axis of the galaxies. It had been proposed that these are hydrogen clouds that should be in equilibrium with the CMB. However, standard theory did not allow equilibrium of such clouds at the very low CMB temperature, but it was recently shown that the equilibrium could be stable. This still does not prove that the cloud concentration and that the observed temperature asymmetry is due to clouds in equilibrium with the CMB. To investigate the matter further, it would be necessary to trace the evolution of such clouds, which we call “virial clouds”, from their formation epoch to the present, so as to confront the model with the observational data. The task is to be done in two steps: (1) from the cloud formation before the formation of first generation of stars; (2) from that time to the present. In this paper we deal with the first step leaving the second one to a subsequent analysis.

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Income inequality undesirably affects the living standards of the people in the different parts of the world. The main objective of the paper is to find out the intensity of income inequality in capitalistic and socialistic economies in the world. The study helps to explore the empirical evidence that how income inequality impacts the life of the people under the umbrella of concurrent economic systems. The study is based on the panel data set. The Generalized Method of Movements (GMM) is applied and the results depict that Government revenues are inversely associated with income inequality in both economic systems. It happens because government expenditures in an account of social safety nets result in a decline in income inequality. On the other side, economic growth, and employment ratio hold a positive connection with income inequality under the parasol of socialism and capitalism. This research reveals that both systems are deficient to mitigate income inequality and leave the space for a new and balanced economic system.