A new two layer hierarchical routing protocol called Cluster Based Hierarchical Routing Protocol (CBHRP) is proposed in this paper. It is an extension of LEACH routing protocol. We introduce cluster head-set idea for cluster-based routing where several clusters are formed with the deployed sensors to collect information from target field. On rotation basis, a head-set member receives data from the neighbor nodes and transmits the aggregated results to
Intermittently connected mobile networks are sparsely connected wireless ad-hoc networks where there is no endto-end path from a source device to a destination. Generally, these paths do not exist. Hence, these devices use intermittent paths using the concept of store-and-forward mechanism to successfully accomplish the communication. These networks are featured by long delay, dissimilar data rates, and larger error rates. Hence, we look into the analysis of several delay-tolerant routing protocols, e.g., epidemic, spray-and-wait, prophet, maxprop, rapid, and spray-and-focus using opportunistic network environment simulator. At first, the investigations of the above considered routing protocols are done across three mobility models namely random direction, random walk, and shortest path map based (SPMB) movement model for node impact only. Then, we evaluate these routing protocols against the impacts of message copy, buffer, and time-to-live using SPMB movement model considering the results of node impact. We use three metrics, and the results show that spray-and-focus yields good performance for showing higher delivery, lower latency, and lower overhead among all routing techniques, while epidemic is poor.
An ad-hoc network is an aggregation of wireless nodes forming a provisional network without any established infrastructure. To facilitate communication within such network, a routing protocol is used to discover and setup routes between nodes. The goal of the routing protocol is to have an efficient route establishment between a pair of nodes, so that messages can be delivered in a timely manner. This research investigates the effects of various mobility models on QoS metrics for two prominent proactive and reactive MANET routing protocols-Fisheye State Routing (FSR) protocol and Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector, from Uppsala University (AODVUU) respectively. Performance is measured by the varying number of traffic sources, number of nodes, host velocity, and data sending rate. These two protocols are simulated and compared under different mobility models namely Random Waypoint Mobility Model, Manhattan Grid Mobility Model and Reference Point Group Mobility Model. The performance metrics that are used to evaluate the performance of the routing protocols are Packet delivery ratio (PDR), Average latency of data packets, Network control overhead (NCO) and Throughput. Experimental results reveal that. on-demand routing protocol AODVUU is more sensitive to the speed of mobile nodes than the proactive routing protocol FSR. Due to its proactive nature, FSR can be used in bandwidth and resource critical environment. On the other hand scalability of AODVUU is limited for high-speed network. However, in case of higher data rates AODVUU always performs better in terms of PDR under all three mobility models.
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