Background: Pakistan and Egypt bear more than 80% of the burden of disease as more than 12 million people are suffering from hepatitis B or C infection and there is addition of about 150000 new cases each year.Methods: We have used secondary data PDHS - Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, DHS has become the gold standard of survey data in developing countries, a project by ORC Macro with financial support from the USAID for the International Development carried out as multistage, cluster sampling for its data collection on multiple questions, most pertinent from our study point view the maternal and child health related to knowledge attitude and practices of hepatitis and its prevention. Results:The final multivariate model six variables came out to be statistically significant with their adjusted odd's ration p-value and 95% confidence interval i.e., use of new disposable syringe every time for therapeutic injection purpose, the respondent being rich as wealth index, reading newspapers and magazines, watching television as source of information, area of residence being urban and with higher educational level came out to be most important variable which are making statistically significant difference for prevention of hepatitis among females of reproductive age group as our study population from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012-13. Conclusion: It is quite evident from the results of our study that use of new disposal syringes, being rich , being educated, having access to information resources like watching television, listening radio, reading newspaper & magazine and being as an urban dwellers are significant factor among women of reproductive age groups for prevention of hepatitis.
Needle Stick Injury (NSI) is a percutaneous piercing wound typically dealing with sharps. Needle stick injuries are the most common health care workers issue worldwide. The causes include various factors like type and design of needle, recapping activity, handling/transferring specimens, collision between HCWs or sharps, during clean-up, manipulating needles in patient line related work, passing/handling devices or failure to dispose of the needle in puncture proof containers. NSIs may transmit other bacterial, fungal, or viral infections, including blastomycosis, cryptococcosis, diphtheria, herpes, malaria, mycobacteriosis, spotted fever and syphilis. Objectives: To determine frequency of needle stick injury among health care workers. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: District Headquarter Hospital Layyah. Period: Jan to March 2019. Material & Methods: Sample size was 161. A structured pre-tested questionnaire containing both open and close-ended questions was administered during the period of Jan-March 2019. Results: Out of 161 participants, 114 (70.8%) reported having a needle stick injury at least once during their clinical practice and the frequency of NSIs was significantly higher among nurses (76.7%) as compared to Doctors (50%), Laboratory staff (45.5%) and waste handlers (70.8 %). Conclusion: Study concludes that in absence of the routine collection of accurate data on NSIs, small studies have been useful in highlighting which groups of HCWs are most at risk from NSIs.
Objectives: To evaluate the success of porcelain metal ceramic crown andporcelain veneer in endodontically treated maxillary central incisor having discoloration. StudyDesign: Expermintal study. Setting: Akhtar Saeed Dental Hospital, Bahria Town, Lahore andde’Montmorency College of Dentistry, Lahore. Period: 1st January 2016 to 30th June 2016.Patients and Methods: This study includes 42 patients. All the patients had ages between35-40 years and either gender. These patients had discolored endodontically treated uppercentral incisor. The patients were randomly divided into two groups to receive either the metalceramic crown or the porcelain veneer. The restorations were given to the patients according tothe following standard protocols. Follow-up examination was determined as set format of study.The results were compiled at the expiry of twelve months. Results: There were 27 femalesand 15 males. The result is obtained 1.1629 which is statistically not significant at p<0.05.Conclusion: Being conservative in tooth reduction, veneer should be preferred while maskingdiscoloration of single anterior tooth instead of full coverage metal ceramic crown.
Background: Percutaneous pining among children with displaced supracondylar fracture of the humerus, may offer additional benefits to patients in terms of outcome. Objective: To determine the union of fracture and range of motion at elbow, in supracondylar fracture, among children, with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. th th Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted, from 19 December 2016 to 19 May 2018, at Ortho Unit 2, Nishtar Hospital, Multan, patients of both sex, having supracondylar fracture (Gartland type II and III) diagnosed st radiographically, and presenting within 1 week of injury, were included, and patients with a history of previous surgery or trauma over the arm, compound fracture and neurovascular compromise, were excluded. All patients were operated for the fracture (closed reduction and pinning under image intensifier). The patients were discharged the next day after the procedure. The follow up completed at 6 weeks postoperatively by Flynn's criteria. Results: Out of 254, 202 (79.5%) patients were fulfilling the satisfactory level of outcome, 52 (20.5%) patient showed an unsatisfactory level of outcome according to operational definition In this study, 96 (37.8%) males and 106 (41.2%) females patients shows satisfactory outcome whereas 23 (9.1%) males and 29 (11.4%) females patients showed unsatisfactory level of outcome (p= 0.04). Out of 254 patients 59 (23.2%) showed excellent, 94 (37%) good, 49 (19.3%) fair and 52 (20.4%) poor outcome based on Flynn's criteria. Conclusion: From our study, the percutaneous pinning of displaced supracondylar fracture of humerus among children under image intensifier is the effective method of treatment in our study setting.
ABSTRACT… Objectives: To evaluate the success of porcelain metal ceramic crown and porcelain veneer in endodontically treated maxillary central incisor having discoloration. Study Design: Expermintal study. Patients and Methods: This study includes 42 patients. All the patients had ages between 35-40 years and either gender. These patients had discolored endodontically treated upper central incisor. The patients were randomly divided into two groups to receive either the metal ceramic crown or the porcelain veneer. The restorations were given to the patients according to the following standard protocols. Follow-up examination was determined as set format of study. The results were compiled at the expiry of twelve months. Results: There were 27 females and 15 males. The result is obtained 1.1629 which is statistically not significant at p<0.05. Conclusion: Being conservative in tooth reduction, veneer should be preferred while masking discoloration of single anterior tooth instead of full coverage metal ceramic crown.Article Citation: Awan MR, Asghar H, Raza H, Rasul F, Baig MS. Porcelain metal ceramic crown versus porcelain veneer; a clinical trial investigating the success between the two in the maxillary anterior teeth. Professional Med J 2018; 25(5):709-713.
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