ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. gardening, greenspace, horticultural therapy, restorative environment, urban food production, urban sustainability SUMMARY. Private gardens occupy a significant proportion of the total surface area of a British city. For many people, the garden represents their only contact with nature and their chance to express themselves creatively. Yet relatively little research has been carried out on the role and value of such gardens to human well-being. We report in this paper on a major survey on the role of private, urban gardens in human well-being, conducted with a wide cross-section of randomly selected garden owners from the city of Sheffield, England, over the summer of 1995. In particular, we discuss the perceived value that gardens have to the well-being of people, both individually through the enjoyment of their own gardens and collectively through the contribution of city gardens to environmental enhancement. We relate these values to age, gender and social demographics.

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The equity market plays an important role in the economic development of a country. However, in Pakistan the equity market has not played its due role because of interventionist economic policies and over reliance on debt financing. It was not until the middle of 1980s that thc importance of the equity market was recognised and steps were taken to activate thc market. However. the market actually became active in the beginning of 1991 when it was opened to foreign investors. besides other liberalisation measures. Since then tbe market bas made considerable progress and improved in size and depth. This paper reviews the performance of the Pakistani equity market in the background of Pakistan's'Go!den Jubilee programme. The information was collected li'om thc Corporate Law Authority (the regulatory body), the State Bank of Pakistan (the central bank). and International Finance Corporation (a branch of the World Bank). The paper shows that the Pakistani equity markct gained momentum in the 1960s and made significant progrcss in listings and market capitalisation. However. the market lost its momentum in the 1970, due to political turmoil in the country and the nationalisation policies adopted by the then government. Though the policy of greater reliance on private enterplise restored the markct scntiments in the 1980s, the market actually regained its momcntum in early 1990s when it was opened to international investors. [n terms of its performance. the market was ranked third in 1991 among the emerging markets. Unfortunately, the market could not maintain its peIi'ormance in later years because of economic and political instability. A series of political changes in the country, cthnic vio[ence in Karachi, increasing inllation and unemployment rates, widening budget delicits, etc., proved to be detrimental to business activities.

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