The workforce of growing globalization has led to a large number of expatriate employees working overseas for short term employment. An expatriate assignment is strongly correlated with a variety of difficulties that affect expatriates’ adjustment abroad. Therefore, the aim of this article is: (1) to determine the challenges encountered by Chinese expatriates in Pakistan and (2) to determine the role of cross-cultural training for a successful international assignment. The paper adopts a qualitative approach by conducting semi-structured interviews; the interviews were conducted with 22 males and eight females, forming a total of 30 Chinese employees with the average age of 34.5 years, working in different Chinese organizations in Pakistan in 2018. The findings of this study revealed that the most significant challenges faced by Chinese expatriates in Pakistan were cultural differences and language barriers in both work and non-work factors, whereas, those Chinese expatriates who were trained through formal and informal learning techniques could facilitate their cross-cultural adjustment.
The Internet provides a vast range of benefits to society and empowers the users in a variety of ways to use web applications. Simply, the internet has become the most transformative and fast-growing technology ever built, but it also brings new security challenges to web services in internet applications because of the scattered and open nature of the internet. A simple vulnerability in the program code could favor/benefit an attacker to obtain unauthorized access and perform adversary actions. Hence, the security of web applications from a hacking attempt is of paramount importance. This paper focuses on a literature survey recapitulating security solutions and major vulnerabilities to promote further research by systemizing the existing methods, on a bigger horizon. The data is collected from an absolute of 86 primary studies that are taken from well-known digital libraries. Different methods comprising secure programming, static, Dynamic, Hybrid analysis, and machine learning classify the data from articles. The quantity of references or the significance of a developing strategy is kept in account while selecting articles. Overall, our survey suggests that there is no way to alleviate all the web vulnerabilities therefore more studies is desirable in the area of web information security. All methods' complexity is addressed and some recommendations regarding when to use the application of given methods are provided. Finally, we typify the experience gained and examine future research openings in web application security.
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