Internet is composed of numbers of independent autonomous systems. BGP is used to disseminate reachability information and establishing path between autonomous systems. Each autonomous system is allowed to select a single route to a destination and then export the selected route to its neighbors. The selection of single best route imposes restrictions on the use of alternative paths during interdomain link failure and thus, incurred packet loss. Packet loss still occurs even when multiple paths exist between source and destination but these paths have not been utilized. To minimize the packet loss, when multiple paths exist, multipath routing techniques are introduced. Multipath routing techniques ensure the use of alternative paths on link failure. It computes set of paths which can be used when primary path is not available and it also provides a way to transit domains to have control over the traffic flow. This can be achieved by little modification to current BGP. This paper highlights different multipath routing techniques and also discusses the overhead incurred by each of them.
Pakistan is in the period of upgrading communication infrastructure. Therefore many communication techniques are taking birth day by day and building the effective way of communication and one of many is IP Telephony system. In Pakistan the adoption of IP telephony is slow because of variety of reasons, but the main factor is the reliability of legacy phone systems. With a weak economy in Pakistan, the management team of organizations is happy to get as much mileage as possible out of their existing infrastructure, and if the legacy phones are working fine, IT team will need a really strong reason to change it to IP telephony. The purpose of this independent study is to drive the correct adoption of new IT & communications technologies in Pakistan to enable increased productivity and added value for businesses. This paper investigates the issues of service quality and cost lie in Pakistan and on the basis of this issues what steps we need to consider while deciding to implement VoIP. After implementation of VoIP in two different organizations and we then analysis their comparative results with legacy phone systems.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.