This manuscript reviewed the major research studies in the field and discussed several research findings on the chemical composition of essential oils, methods of oil extraction, and application of these oils in pharmaceutical and therapeutic fields. These essential oils can be used as anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, and as skin permeation enhancer agents.

The research progress on the production of levulinic acid and its derivatives for fuel additives and chemicals from various sugars and biomass feedstocks have been comprehensively reviewed, focusing on the chemical processes and mechanisms.

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The first systematic study on the ionothermal synthesis of silicoaluminophosphates (SAPOs) was performed to study the influence of reaction time, Si/Al or F/Al ratios and changing ionic liquid (cation, anion and alkyl group). The resulting materials were characterised by XRD, liquid ( 1 H) and solid state ( 29 Si) NMR, TPDA, SEM images, Volhard titration, as well as thermogravimetric and nitrogen sorption analyses. 1-Butyl-3methylimidazolium bromide ([C 4 mim]Br) as both solvent and structure-directing agent (SDA) produced the AFI framework. It was found that the resulting Si/Al ratio of SAPO-AFI increases with an increase in initial Si/Al ratio but decreases with F/Al ratio in the reaction mixture. Different ionic liquids giving the same framework type have no effect on the silicon uptake. The formation of Si-islands is favoured at extended reaction times or higher silicon content. The framework type of SAPOs can be changed from AEL to AFI by changing either the alkyl chain from ethyl to butyl, substituting the C2-position of the cation with a methyl moiety, or altering the cation (imidazolium vs. pyridinium). The framework selectivity was altered from AFI to LTA by changing the anion (of [C 4 py]Br to Cl À ), and to CHA by 1-methylimidazole addition. The first successful ionothermal synthesis of the AFI, LTA and CHA framework types of SAPOs is presented, providing a more efficient method than the conventional hydrothermal synthesis.[a] Dr.