Sustainable production of levulinic acid and its derivatives for fuel additives and chemicals: progress, challenges, and prospects

Sajid, Muhammad; Farooq, Usman; Bary, Ghulam; Azim, Muhammad Mohsin; Zhao, Xuebing

doi:10.1039/d1gc02919c

Cited by 92 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 418 publications

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“…Organic acids stress factors mainly refer to formic acid and acetic acid. Acetic acid is mainly formed by deacetylation of the acetyl group of hemicelluloses, while formic acid can be formed by degradation of sugars [ 49 ]. The concentrations of organic acid stress factors in the hydrolysate are relatively higher than furans and phenols.…”

Section: Response Of S Cerevisiae To Stress Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response mechanisms of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the stress factors present in lignocellulose hydrolysate and strategies for constructing robust strains

Liu

Zhao

2022

Biotechnol Biofuels

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Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels such as bioethanol and high value-added products has attracted great interest in recent decades due to the carbon neutral nature of biomass feedstock. However, there are still many key technical difficulties for the industrial application of biomass bioconversion processes. One of the challenges associated with the microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is usually used for bioethanol production refers to the inhibition of the yeast by various stress factors. These inhibitive effects seriously restrict the growth and fermentation performance of the strains, resulting in reduced bioethanol production efficiency. Therefore, improving the stress response ability of the strains is of great significance for industrial production of bioethanol. In this article, the response mechanisms of S. cerevisiae to various hydrolysate-derived stress factors including organic acids, furan aldehydes, and phenolic compounds have been reviewed. Organic acids mainly stimulate cells to induce intracellular acidification, furan aldehydes mainly break the intracellular redox balance, and phenolic compounds have a greater effect on membrane homeostasis. These damages lead to inadequate intracellular energy supply and dysregulation of transcription and translation processes, and then activate a series of stress responses. The regulation mechanisms of S. cerevisiae in response to these stress factors are discussed with regard to the cell wall/membrane, energy, amino acids, transcriptional and translational, and redox regulation. The reported key target genes and transcription factors that contribute to the improvement of the strain performance are summarized. Furthermore, the genetic engineering strategies of constructing multilevel defense and eliminating stress effects are discussed in order to provide technical strategies for robust strain construction. It is recommended that robust S. cerevisiae can be constructed with the intervention of metabolic regulation based on the specific stress responses. Rational design with multilevel gene control and intensification of key enzymes can provide good strategies for construction of robust strains. Graphical Abstract

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Section: Response Of S Cerevisiae To Stress Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response mechanisms of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the stress factors present in lignocellulose hydrolysate and strategies for constructing robust strains

Liu

Zhao

2022

Biotechnol Biofuels

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“…It is usually observed that high-temperature conditions are required for activating solid acid catalysts which is the major problem during their synthesis. 107,108,111 The harsh condition also breaks the concept of green chemistry. Consequently, there is a need to construct special equipment for this process that makes it costly and non-green.…”

Section: Mechanism Of the Conversion Of Levulinic Acid To Levulinate ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Levulinic acid is produced from lignocellulosic biomass and derived sugars attained by the biofine process, which is the only process used industrially. The biofine process is a high‐temperature process where sulfuric acid is used as a homogeneous catalyst for modifying lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) raw materials to LA and its derivatives 107,108 . This process follows two stages: in the first stage, various adjustments are done in reaction conditions such that in the first reactor different processes of LCB fractionation, sugar dehydration and polysaccharide hydrolysis take place while conversion to LA from intermediates takes place in the second reactor.…”

Section: Commercial‐scale Production and Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As sulfuric acid is used as a catalyst it causes critical problems owing to its hazardous nature, leading to corrosion of the equipment. It is usually observed that high‐temperature conditions are required for activating solid acid catalysts which is the major problem during their synthesis 107,108,111 . The harsh condition also breaks the concept of green chemistry.…”

Section: Commercial‐scale Production and Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comparative study on the performance of acid catalysts in the synthesis of levulinate ester using biomass‐derived levulinic acid: a review

Gautam

Barman

Ali

2022

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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Non‐renewable resources have adverse effects on the environment, which result in global warming. Research has been shifted toward sustainable resources and lignocellulosic biomass is the best example of this. Lignocellulosic biomass is inexpensive, abundantly available and a rich source of carbon, which makes society less dependant on the use of fossil fuels. It is necessary for society to stop using petroleum‐based technologies and start developing more biomass‐based technologies. Lignocellulosic biomass can be converted into levulinic acid through various methods. Various value‐added chemicals are synthesized from levulinic acid, such as levulinate esters, acrylic acid, β‐acetyl acrylic acid, 1,4‐pentanediol, 2‐methyl tetrahydrofuran, γ‐valerolactone, etc. Among these, levulinate esters have received much attention owing to their broad applications as fuel additives, plasticizers and solvents in the pharmaceutical industries. Levulinate esters can be synthesized from the esterification reaction of levulinic acid and alcohol in the presence of either liquid or solid acid catalysts. Heterogeneous catalysts are favoured above homogeneous catalysts because of their properties, like being easy to separate, having good catalytic activity, being non‐corrosive to the reactor and having good recyclability. The performance of various heterogeneous catalysts such as zirconia, heteropolyacids, zeolite, carbonaceous material, resins and biocatalysts is reported in detail in the review. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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“…Levulinic acid (LA) is a platform chemical derived from lignocellulose biomass with great potential to produce a wide range of valuable chemicals [1][2][3][4][5]. Levulinate esters (e.g., ethyl levulinate, EL) are considered as an alternative to LA due to their specific physicochemical properties [6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Phosphorus Precursor, Reduction Temperature, and Support on the Catalytic Properties of Nickel Phosphide Catalysts in Continuous-Flow Reductive Amination of Ethyl Levulinate

Wang

Nuzhdin

Shamanaev

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Levulinic acid and its esters (e.g., ethyl levulinate, EL) are platform chemicals derived from biomass feedstocks that can be converted to a variety of valuable compounds. Reductive amination of levulinates with primary amines and H2 over heterogeneous catalysts is an attractive method for the synthesis of N-alkyl-5-methyl-2-pyrrolidones, which are an environmentally friendly alternative to the common solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). In the present work, the catalytic properties of the different nickel phosphide catalysts supported on SiO2 and Al2O3 were studied in a reductive amination of EL with n-hexylamine to N-hexyl-5-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (HMP) in a flow reactor. The influence of the phosphorus precursor, reduction temperature, reactant ratio, and addition of acidic diluters on the catalyst performance was investigated. The Ni2P/SiO2 catalyst prepared using (NH4)2HPO4 and reduced at 600 °C provides the highest HMP yield, which reaches 98%. Although the presence of acid sites and a sufficient hydrogenating ability are important factors determining the pyrrolidone yield, the selectivity also depends on the specific features of EL adsorption on active catalytic sites.

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Sustainable production of levulinic acid and its derivatives for fuel additives and chemicals: progress, challenges, and prospects

Abstract: The research progress on the production of levulinic acid and its derivatives for fuel additives and chemicals from various sugars and biomass feedstocks have been comprehensively reviewed, focusing on the chemical processes and mechanisms.

Cited by 92 publications

References 418 publications

Response mechanisms of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the stress factors present in lignocellulose hydrolysate and strategies for constructing robust strains

Response mechanisms of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the stress factors present in lignocellulose hydrolysate and strategies for constructing robust strains

A comparative study on the performance of acid catalysts in the synthesis of levulinate ester using biomass‐derived levulinic acid: a review

Effect of Phosphorus Precursor, Reduction Temperature, and Support on the Catalytic Properties of Nickel Phosphide Catalysts in Continuous-Flow Reductive Amination of Ethyl Levulinate

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