Nitrate reductase assay is a reliable, low cost and accurate method that can be used for early for diagnosis of multi and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis.
Objective: to determine the frequency of the possible side effects of the COVID -19 inactivated vaccine.
Study Design: Cross-sectional survey.
Place and Duration of Study: Pakistan Naval Ship Shifa Hospital, Karachi Pakistan from Jan to Apr 2021.
Methodology: A total of 305 recipients of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine were asked to fill out a questionnaire themselves or by the health care worker via telephonic conversation. The questionnaire comprised queries regarding general and local side effects that the participants experienced after getting vaccinated for COVID-19.
Results: Out of 305 recipients, 270(88.5%) were men, and 35(11.5%) were women. Participants' age ranged from 18-60 years.After the first dose, 83(27.2%) cases [male 63(23.3%) vs. female 20(57.1%)], were reported with side effects, while 75(24.5%)recipients, [male: 54(19.9%) vs. female: 21(58.8%)], had side effects after the second dose. Generalized symptoms were fever,headache, dizziness, and body aches, while local side effects were pain, itching, swelling and rash at the injection site.259(84.9%) recipients reported spontaneous recovery after the first dose. After the second dose, 286(93.8%) recipients recovered spontaneously. The remaining 44(13%) of the recipients' required symptomatic treatment. After the second dose,only 19(6%) recipients needed symptomatic treatment.
Conclusion: It is important to document the possible side effects of COVID vaccine so that public awareness and education can be made to minimize public fear of vaccine side effects. Inactivated vaccine for COVID-19 has minimal reported side effects and hence has a good safety profile.
Objective: To see the efficacy of rapid color test for the sensitivity of ceftriaxone against clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi.
Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was carried out at the department of Microbiology, Pakistan Navy Ship (PNS) Shifa Hospital, Karachi from Nov 2018 through April 2019.We tested 97 clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi by this rapid color test. All the isolates were also test by conventional disc diffusion method and MICs by Vitek-2 system.
Results: Out of these isolates, 83 were ceftriaxone resistant while 14 isolates were ceftriaxone sensitive. Sensitivity and specificity of rapid color test were 100% when compared with results of disc diffusion, E-test and Vitek 2 system. All the results were readable within 2 hours on color test.
Conclusion: This color test is rapid, accurate and inexpensive and can be used as a screening test for ceftriaxone resistance in typhoid endemic areas.
Keywords: Ceftriaxone; drug resistance; meropenem
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