Objective: To determine the frequency of vitamin d deficiency and insufficiency among patients of diabetes mellitus type II presented at medicine OPD of tertiary care Hospital Methodology: This cross-sectional study was done at Medicine department of Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences for women Nawabshah (SBA). Study was done during six months from April 2020 to September 2020. All patients of diabetes mellitus type II, age >40 years and of either were included. A 5ml sample was taken from each patient and was sent to the diagnostic laboratory to assess the HbA1c level and vitamin D status. The normal range for vitamin D (25-OHD) was 30–40 ng/ml. The value <20 ng/ml was defined as deficiency while insufficiency was ranged between 20.1- 29.9 ng/ml. All the data was collected by the self-made study proforma. Data analysis was done by using the SPSS version 26. Results: A total of 62 patients of diabetes mellitus were studied for vitamin D level; their average age was 49.51+12.65 years and average duration of diabetes was 10.25+5.22 years. Average HbA1c was 7.33+3.5 and the average vitamin D level was 27.21+21.98. 36(58.1%) were males and 26(41.9%) were females. Average BMI was 28.41+3.63 kg/m2. Out of all study participants 48.40% of the cases were observed with vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency was statistically insignificant according to gender and socioeconomic status (p=>0.05). Conclusion: As per study conclusion the vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was observed to be higher among patients of diabetes mellitus type II and vitamin D deficiency was insignificantly linked to gender, socioeconomic status and severity of diabetes. Keywords: Vitamin D, Type II diabetes mellitus
Objective: To determine the frequency of seropositive helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) among patients presented at outpatient department (OPD) with dyspepsia at tertiary care Hospital. Methodology: This descriptive case-control study was conducted at medicine department of Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences for women Nawabshah (SBA). Study duration was six months from October 2018 to March 2019. All the patients of age 18-70 years, presented with complaint of dyspepsia, either of gender were included in the study. After taking informed consent all the patients underwent serological assessment for H. pylori. From each study participant a 5ml blood sample was taken and sent to the laboratory for the diagnosis of H. pylori. After collection of the laboratory reports, all the data was collected via self-made study proforma. Data analysis was done by using SPSS version 20. Results: Total 78 patients of dyspepsia were enrolled, their mean age was34.23+6.22 years and average duration of symptoms was 15.23+7.14 months. Males were 43(55.1%) and females were 35(44.9%). Feeling of abdominal distension after meal was among 21(26.9%) cases, epigastrium pain was in 14(17.9%) cases, heart burn was among 32(41.0%) patients, 07(09.0%) had belching and 19(24.4%) had multiple complaints. Seropositivity rate of H. pylori was 33.30% among patients of dyspepsia and it was statistically insignificant according to gender and socioeconomic status (p->0.05). Conclusion: As per study conclusion the seropositivity of H. pylori was observed to be higher among patients of dyspepsia and seropositivity of H. pylori was insignificantly linked to gender and socioeconomic status. Keywords: Dyspepsia, H. pylori, seropositive
This qualitative study focuses on the socio-emotional and psychological aspects of children with learning disabilities starting from an early age. It includes the perception and behaviour of caretakers (parents and teachers). The paper contains first-hand information collected through semi-structured interviews of 12 parents who are also primary school teachers at a public school in Taluka Matli, rural Sindh, Pakistan. The study concludes that teachers’ knowledge regarding learning disabilities is minimal, and they lack professional training to deal with such students. It also provides evidence that teachers and parents practice corporal punishment, which ultimately affects the lives of children with learning disabilities. The study presents a case study of a child with learning disorders on his father’s account, which highlights other aspects of a learning disorder. This paper also focuses on the possible adverse effects of parental behaviour in Pakistani society concerning corporal punishment as social behaviour. It may help parents and teachers to identify the characteristics of learning disabilities like dyslexia or ADHD from a very early stage of childhood.
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