Environmental exposure to active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can have negative effects on the health of ecosystems and humans. While numerous studies have monitored APIs in rivers, these employ different analytical methods, measure different APIs, and have ignored many of the countries of the world. This makes it difficult to quantify the scale of the problem from a global perspective. Furthermore, comparison of the existing data, generated for different studies/regions/continents, is challenging due to the vast differences between the analytical methodologies employed. Here, we present a global-scale study of API pollution in 258 of the world’s rivers, representing the environmental influence of 471.4 million people across 137 geographic regions. Samples were obtained from 1,052 locations in 104 countries (representing all continents and 36 countries not previously studied for API contamination) and analyzed for 61 APIs. Highest cumulative API concentrations were observed in sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and South America. The most contaminated sites were in low- to middle-income countries and were associated with areas with poor wastewater and waste management infrastructure and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The most frequently detected APIs were carbamazepine, metformin, and caffeine (a compound also arising from lifestyle use), which were detected at over half of the sites monitored. Concentrations of at least one API at 25.7% of the sampling sites were greater than concentrations considered safe for aquatic organisms, or which are of concern in terms of selection for antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, pharmaceutical pollution poses a global threat to environmental and human health, as well as to delivery of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

Purpose This paper aims to address the need for a more in-depth empirical investigation of exploring the link between the adoption of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices and different aspects of customer behavior in a developing country. This paper develops a research framework and assesses the mediating role of trust, customer-company identification (CCI) and electronic-service quality (E-SQ) between customer perceptions of CSR and customer loyalty. Design/methodology/approach Working with a sample of 280 banking customers in Pakistan, partial least square based structural equation modeling is used to test the conceptual model. Findings Surprisingly, results suggest that CSR is not directly related to customer loyalty, which is contradictory to previously established findings conducted in developed countries. Thus, confirming a full mediation of CCI, E-SQ and trust in enhancing the effect of CSR on customer loyalty. The study also confirms that CSR is positively related to E-SQ, and E-SQ also directly affects CCI. Practical implications Banks should adhere to honest CSR practices and effectively communicate and advertise these practices to increase awareness and knowledge among the customers. Similarly, banks should advance in technological expertise to generate customer identification, which then leads to their loyalty. Originality/value Previous studies conferred short-term customer’s reactions, such as purchase intention and brand image. Still, this research discusses the long-term effect of CSR on customer behavior, such as the loyalty of the customers. Moreover, this is the pioneer study that investigates how CSR actions influence customer perceptions about E-SQ and how electronic services affect customer identification with a bank.

Despite the growing significance of pro-environmental behavior in the hospitality industry, empirically derived insights into its predictors and outcomes remain unexplored. Drawing upon the theory of social exchange and social identity theory, this study investigates the impact of hotels' employees' perception of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities on employees' voluntary pro-environmental behavior (VPEB). The authors also examine the mediating roles of organizational pride and employee engagement (EE). Moreover, the moderating role of empathy is also investigated in the relationship between CSR and VPEB. We investigated our theoretical framework through a survey of 336 employees of selected luxury hotels in Pakistan. Findings reveal that CSR directly affects VPEB. Further, the parallel and sequential mediation of EE and organizational pride is also confirmed between CSR and VPEB. Moreover, empathy moderates the relationship between CSR and VPEB.Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed at the end.employee engagement, organizational pride, perception of corporate social responsibility, voluntary pro-environmental behavior | INTRODUCTIONRecently, a lot of attention has been given to corporate social responsibility (CSR), and several scholars attempted to comprehend this notion in different fields such as organizational behavior, marketing, and human resource management literature Farooq & Salam, 2020; Raza et al., 2020a). In the past two decades,

Promoting corporate social responsibility (CSR) and co-creation has become a crucial relationship marketing strategy for the banks. This research empirically investigates how banks’ CSR activities generate positive customer responses in the form of co-creation, customer–company identification (CCI), and loyalty. This research sheds light on the influence of CSR on customer behavior by analyzing the underlying psychological processes through the sequential mediation of co-creation and CCI. Working with a sample of 280 banking customers in Pakistan, partial least square based structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) is employed to test the conceptual model. CSR is a multidimensional formative construct that affects customer loyalty both directly and indirectly. Sequential partial mediations of co-creation and CCI are found between CSR activities and customer loyalty. Lastly, CCI has a direct and significant impact on co-creation and customer loyalty. Banks must include CSR in their long-term marketing plans to improve overall customer behavior because banks’ CSR activities result in customer identification and co-creation. Similarly, banks should welcome the customers’ participation in service design and use their knowledge and skills to improve overall service culture.

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Aims This study examines the role of servant leadership through the mechanism of psychological safety in curbing nurses' burnout during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Background During the COVID‐19 pandemic, studies have shown an increased level of stress and burnout among health care workers, especially nurses. This study responds to the call for research to explore the mechanisms of servant leadership in predicting nurses' burnout by employing the perspective of conservation of resources theory. Methods Through a cross‐sectional quantitative research design, data were collected in three waves from 443 nurses working in Pakistan's five public sector hospitals. Data were analysed by employing the partial least squares path modelling (PLS‐PM) technique. Results Servant leadership (β = −0.318; 95% CI = 0.225, 0.416) and psychological safety (β = −0.342; CI = 0.143, 0.350) have an inverse relationship with nurses' burnout and explain 63.1% variance. Conclusions Servant leadership significantly reduces nurses' burnout, and psychological safety mediates this relationship. Implications for Nursing Management Human resource management policies in health care must emphasize training nursing leaders in servant leadership behaviour.

The optimization of process parameters for decomposition of kitchen waste into mature, stable compost was investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). RSM and central composite designs were applied to evaluate and optimize the key factors namely fly ash, bulking agent for moisture optimization and temperature, inoculum size and lime concentration for C/N optimization, which affect the stability of compost. Moisture and C/N ratio were selected as response variables. The experimental data of response variables were fitted into quadratic polynomial model using the multiple regression analysis and found it was statistically significant quadratic model. Box-Behnken design under RSM was used to optimize their interaction between bulking agent (40 %) and fly ash (15 %) has significant effect on moisture optimization and temperature (35°C), lime (3 %), and inoculum size (10 %) were the best for C/N ratio optimization and compost maturity. These optimized conditions were used and recorded the 50 % moisture reduction, and 8.43 C/N was achieved; indicates the stable and mature compost in minimum time. A significant correlation was also found between C/N ratio, humic acid, fulvic acid and degree of polymerization during compost formation. It was fleetingly concluded that optimization of compost parameters promote the decomposition rate and humification process.

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