Although upper GI endoscopy is considered to be a gold standard in diagnosis of many pediatric gastrointestinal disorders, there is limited data about its utility from developing countries. We carried out this retrospective study at

Background: Treatment of large bone defects and fracture healing complications (delayed and nonunion) presents a substantial challenge for orthopaedic surgeons. Given that bone healing requires mechanical stability as well as a favourable biological microenvironment, orthobiologics such as Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) may have a significant clinical role to play. Aims: To perform a systematic review of the available literature to assess the clinical effect of PRP, with or without other orthobiologics, on bone healing. Method: Two independent reviewers performed the literature search based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Clinical studies of any evidence, assessing effect of PRP with or without other orthobiologics on bone healing, were included. A qualitative analysis was carried out on the clinical and radiological outcomes reported. Result: 27 articles with 1631 patients (mean age ¼ 43.56, 57.1% male, mean follow-up ¼ 17.27 months) were included in the qualitative. Of the 27 studies, 13 dealt with fracture complications (delayed or nonunions), 7 with acute fracture healing, 4 with tibial osteotomies and lengthening procedures and 3 with lumbar spine pathology. 18/27 studies showed a clinical benefit of PRP, 8/27 showed no significant effect, and 1/27 showed a worse outcome with PRP. Conclusion: Our review suggests PRP may play a clinical role in bone healing but further randomised controlled trials (RCTs) using standardised outcomes should be performed to establish its efficacy.

Aim: To compare the outcomes of two different flap techniques, namely the Partial Newmann Flap (FNP) and the Modified Partial Newmann Flap (MPNF), in surgical extraction of mandibular third molars. Methods: This randomised clinical study included 186 participants, 93 each group. The research comprised male and female patients aged 20–45 with lower mesioangular impacted third molar till 18–21. Patients with vertically impacted wisdom teeth, disto-angular impaction, horizontal impaction, pregnancy, trismus, pericoronitis, and oral submucous fibrosis were excluded. The student t-test compared mouth opening across groups, whereas the chi-square test compared discomfort and edoema. Results: The mean age of the participants was 32.17±8.30 years. On the first day, the MPNF group reported significantly less moderate pain (34.41%) compared to the NPF group (56.99%) (p=0.001). On the third day, the MPNF group reported significantly more mild pain (55.91%) and less severe pain (1.08%) compared to the NPF group, which reported less mild pain (49.46%) and more severe pain (7.53%) (p=0.028). Similarly, mouth opening was significantly higher in the MPNF group than the NPF group on the 1st, 3rd, and 7th day. Swelling was significantly less in the MPNF group than the NPF group on the 1st and 3rd day. Conclusion: The Modified Partial Newmann Flap may be a better alternative compared to the Partial Newmann Flap in terms of pain, swelling, and mouth opening during the disimpaction of lower third molars. Keywords: Partial Newmann Flap, Modified Partial Newmann Flap, Mandibular Third Molar

Objective: We wanted to see whether impacted third mandibular molar extractions resulted in Alveolar Osteitis if post-extraction socket irrigation was used or not. Methodology: A randomized control experiment on 70 patients study was conducted from July 2019 to January 2020 at Islamabad Dental Hospital's OMFS department. Patients presenting with the mandibular third molars fulfilling the inclusion criteria had their teeth extracted with and without socket irrigation using the computer lottery method. In cases of dry socket, clinical diagnosis was made between the 3rd, 5th, and 7th postoperative days. Results: 70 patients/sockets were evaluated with 35 having been irrigated and 35 non-irrigated. The age range was 16-50years with a mean of 29.49 and most patients were between the 16-35 age group. There were 48.6% males and 51.4% females. Dry Socket was evaluated on the 3rd, 5th, and 7th day between groups (A=irrigation, B=Non-irrigation). On the 3rd postop day, 14 (40%) patients in group A and 15(42.9%) patients were diagnosed as dry Sockets. A similar number of patients in both groups (20%) exhibited symptoms of dry socket on the fifth and seventh postoperative days, as did 5 (14.3 %) in group A, 3 (8.6 %) in group B, and 1(2.9 %t) in group A, all on the fifth postoperative day. Conclusion: On the third, fifth, and seventh postoperative days, there was no significant difference in the result of Alveolar Osteitis between the groups.

Background: Dental trauma is trauma of teeth, periodontium and surrounding tissues. It occurs frequently in children and young adults. Traumatic injuries are one of the commonest injuries, it occurs at schools, homes, accidents or sports. The most common site of dental trauma is maxillary central incisors. Aim: To assess the knowledge and attitude about dental trauma among house officers of dental surgery. Methods: This cross-sectional survey was performed on house officers from four dental teaching hospitals of Islamabad, affiliated with Islamabad Medical and Dental College, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Rawal Institute of Health Sciences and Riphah University from September 2020 to February 2021. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge and attitude of house officers about dental trauma. Those who were not willing to participate and incompletely filled questionnaires were excluded. IBM-SPSS version 22 was used for data entry and descriptive analysis. Results: Out of the 200 distributed questionnaires, 156 completed questionnaires were received so the response rate was 78%. Among 156 participants, 47 (30.1%) were male and 109 (69.9%) were females. Descriptive analysis of the knowledge showed that almost half of participants had good [n=82, (52.56%)] knowledge regarding dental trauma while house officers showed variable responses regarding their attitude toward dental trauma. Conclusion: The percentage of house officers with good knowledge and attitude about dental trauma was relatively high and the percentage of the ones with poor knowledge was more or less the same. Keywords: Attitude; Dentistry; House Officer; Knowledge; Surgery; Trauma.