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Field-grown vines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sultana) were examined for their fruitfulness and yield performance over four growing seasons. Vines were either grafted to Ramsey rootstock (Vitis champini) or were grown on their own roots. Four commercially applied trellising systems were investigated, namely, a T-trellis, a Shaw trellis with a double cordon, a Shaw trellis with a single cordon and a Shaw swing-arm trellis. Fruiting potential was assessed shortly after budburst using the Merbein bunch count method. Bunches on vines that had been counted in springtime were again counted at harvest, and vine yield recorded. During the four years of the experiment fruitfulness was strongly influenced by growing season. Fruitfulness per node along the cane followed a well-established trend. Bud fruitfulness was close to zero in basal nodes but increased steeply thereafter reaching a maximum between nodes 8 and 10. Fruitfulness then decreased steadily. Grafted vines were always less fruitful than own-rooted vines, and this difference was amplified for all trellis designs in years when fruitfulness was low. At the time of pruning, more canes were retained on grafted than own-rooted vines in accordance with the greater vigour of grafted vines. This pruning strategy resulted in a larger number of bunches on grafted relative to ungrafted vines. Abbreviations and definitionsFruitfulness the proportion of primary buds that contain inflorescence primordia, estimated here after budburst; MBC Merbein bunch count

Mungbean grown as intercrop suffers shading stress form companion crop at different growth stages. Grain filling stage, which appears to be very much sensitive to light conditions, needs special attention to deal with, in order to maximize the benefit from intercropping systems. Growth and yield response of mungbean to different shading conditions imposed at the onset of pod formation stage was evaluated. Shading nets were used to cut down the incident photosynthetic active rediation by 15 %, 45 % and 75 %. There was almost no difference between the control and 15 % shaded plants for all the parameters studied. Total dry weight was found to decrease with increase in shading intensity and this phenomenon continued till the maturity of the crop. The crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate decreased due to shading. Lower specific leaf weight and higher chlorophyll content were due to increased shading. Decreased photosynthetic active radiation caused significant reduction in pods per plant and thus there was a significant decrease in seed yield per plant. In order to avoid yield loss due to shading at grain filling stage, agronomic manipulation and selection of suitable genotypes are necessary.

Field experiments were conducted at two locations in order to formulate phosphorus and potassium fertilizer recommendations of groundnut (Arachis hypogea) based on Mitscherlich-Bray equation. The treatments comprised four levels of phosphorus (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg phosphorus pentoxide (P 2 O 5 ) ha −1 ) and three levels of potassium (0, 30, and 60 kg potassium oxide (K 2 O) ha −1 ) in all possible combinations. Theoretical maximum yield of groundnut was calculated by plotting log y (pod yield) versus 1/x (amount of nutrients applied). Fertilizer recommendation for various soil fertility levels and yield target were developed, and their validities were tested by conducting two field verification trials on the same soil. The results showed that although general recommended fertilizer dose resulted in highest yield of groundnut at both the locations, but value cost ratio and rate of increase in income were lowest with this fertilizer treatment, and 90% of maximum yield treatment was superior in terms of economics of fertilizer and risk factor.

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during the period from October, 2017 to March, 2018 to investigate the effects of micronutrients on bulb growth, yield and quality of local and high yielding (HY) onion cultivars in Bangladesh. The experiment comprised three onion cultivars viz., Taherpuri (local), BARI Piaz 1 (HY) and BARI Piaz 4 (HY), and five micronutrients viz., Control (no micronutrient), Boron (B) @ 0.2 g/plot, Zinc (Zn) @ 0.5 g/plot, Copper (Cu) @ 0.2 g/ plot and B+Zn+Cu @ (0.2+0.5+0.2 g/plot). The two-factor experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Results revealed that onion cultivars and micronutrients had significant influence on the parameters studied. BARI Piaz 4 along with the application of B+Zn+Cu @ 0.2+0.5+0.2 g/plot produced the highest bulb size, increased plant height, number of leaves, fresh weight of bulb, per cent dry matter content of bulbs and bulb yield compared to other onion cultivars and micronutrient treatments. The highest bulb yield (16.07 t/ha) was recorded in B+Zn+Cu , while the lowest bulb yield (8.92 t/ha) was found from control. Highest gross yield of onion (20.67 t/ha) was recorded from BARI Piaz 4 with B+Zn+Cu @ 0.2+0.5+0.2 g/plot. Therefore, it can be concluded that combined treatment of BARI Piaz 4 and B+Zn+Cu @ @ 0.2+0.5+0.2 g/plot was found to be better in respect of bulb growth and yield, and Taherpuri for quality of onion.

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The experiment entitled "effect of nitrogen fertilization and decapitation stress on wheat productivity was laid out in a randomized complete block with split plot arrangement having three replications during winter 2011-12. Variety Siran-2010 was sown at the rate of 120 kg ha -1 . Decapitation stress (cutting) was compared with no cutting in main plots while nitrogen levels (0, 100, 140 & 180 kg ha -1 ) were assigned to the sub plots. Half of the nitrogen was applied at first irrigation, whereas the remaining half was used 70 days after sowing. Decapitation was done by cutting the respective plots with sickle 70 days after sowing. Results of the experiment showed that no cut plots resulted highest number of spikes m -2 (388), grains spike -1 (53.2), thousand grains weight (39.43g), biological yield (10856 kg ha -1 ) and grain yield (3741 kg ha -1 ). Cut plots gave additional forage yield of 3243 kg ha -1 and therefore gave additional income of Rs. 4067 ha -1 over control respectively. Maximum spikes m -2 (389), grains spike -1 (56.0) and thousand grains weight (40.22 g) was produced by nitrogen applied at the rate of 140 kg ha -1 . Whereas maximum biological yield (11435 kg ha -1 ), grain yield (4246 kg ha -1 ), moisture content (12.814%) and crude protein content (12.455%) was produced by nitrogen at the rate of 180 kg ha -1 . It is concluded that supplied nitrogen @ 140 kg ha -1 with no decapitation stress seems to be the best choice for wheat producer in the agro-climatic condition of Peshawar valley.