No abstract

Zika virus (ZIKV) pandemic and its implication in congenital malformations and severe neurological disorders had created serious threats to global health. ZIKV is a mosquito-borne flavivirus which spread rapidly and infect a large number of people in a shorter time-span. Due to the lack of effective therapeutics, this had become paramount urgency to discover effective drug molecules to encounter the viral infection. Various anti-ZIKV drug discovery efforts during the past several years had been unsuccessful to develop an effective cure. The NS2B-NS3 protein was reported as an attractive therapeutic target for inhibiting viral proliferation, due to its central role in viral replication and maturation of non-structural viral proteins. Therefore, the current in silico drug exploration aimed to identify the novel inhibitors of Zika NS2B-NS3 protease by implementing an e-pharmacophore-based high-throughput virtual screening. A 3D e-pharmacophore model was generated based on the five-featured (ADPRR) pharmacophore hypothesis. Subsequently, the predicted model is further subjected to the high-throughput virtual screening to reveal top hit molecules from the various small molecule databases. Initial hits were examined in terms of binding free energies and ADME properties to identify the candidate hit exhibiting a favourable pharmacokinetic profile. Eventually, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations studies were conducted to evaluate the binding stability of the hit molecule inside the receptor cavity. The findings of the in silico analysis manifested affirmative evidence for three hit molecules with −64.28, −55.15 and −50.16 kcal/mol binding free energies, as potent inhibitors of Zika NS2B-NS3 protease. Hence, these molecules holds the promising potential to serve as a prospective candidates to design effective drugs against ZIKV and related viral infections.

Seed priming is considered as an important component that results in early establishment of crop seedling. Thus, the effect of seed priming with iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) on growth and yield components of groundnut (cv. BARI-2011) was evaluated by using different doses of Fe (0.1% and 0.3%) and Zn (0.5% and 1.0%) in RCBD design with two factors factorial arrangement having three replications. The crop was grown in April, 2016 at the Research Farm of PMASArid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, (Pothowar Pleatue) Punjab, Pakistan. Data revealed that plant height and number of plants were highest at 0.3% Fe in combination with 1.0% Zn. Similarly, numerical values for all measured yield components i.e., number of pods plant -1 , kernel weight (kg ha -1 ), 100 kernel weight (g), pod yield (kg ha -1 ), biological yield (kg ha -1 ), harvest index (HI) and shelling percentage were significantly higher at 0.3% Fe in combination with 1.0% Zn as compared to the control. The control plot resulted in the lowest values for all the parameters studied. It can be inferred from the results that seed priming at the rate of 0.3% Fe in combination with 1% Zn is recommended for obtaining higher yield of groundnut.

Fish flour is raw materials of main protein source for fish feed, however because of its existence day by day gets expensive so that the other alternative feed material needed as the alternate of fish flour that is maggot which is the larva of insects kind of fly which contains crude protein about 42%. This Study was held in Research and Aquaculture Cultivation Center of Ornamental Fish Depok, West Java in January 14th until February 14th 2013. The goal of this Study is to know the aplication of black soldier fly larval (Hermetia illucens) as the feed of rainbow kurumoi fish (Melanotaenia parva). Maggot culture was undertaken by mixing PKM and water with the comparison of 1:2 then fermented in fiber basin. Then interspersed with wire and above it there was a dry banana leaf to lay the eggs and covered by wire again, and then eggs harvesting was undertaken which was moved to the egg hatching basin which contain PKM which had been fermented. After 2 weeks maggot was ready to be harvested from the hatching basin. Maggot and maggot pellets could fulfill the need of nutrition for rainbow kurumoi fish, this case could be seen by the existence of weight increase and length increase of the fish.

ABSTRAKBerbagai inovasi dan teknologi diperlukan untuk meningkatkan kualitas pakan serta mempertahankan ketersediaan pakan sehingga produksi ternak dapat ditingkatkan. Pemanfaatan limbah pertanian sebagai pakan merupakan suatu alternatif dalam meningkatkan ketersediaan pakan sepanjang tahun. Produksi limbah tanaman pangan sangat terkait dengan musim panen dari masing-masing komoditi tanaman pangan. Hambatan pemanfaatan jerami padi secara luas sebagai sumber pakan ternak adalah rendahnya nilai nutrisi bila dibandingkan dengan hijauan pakan. Proses lignifikasi pada struktur jaringan penyangga jerami padi menyebabkan kecernaan serat kasarnya didalam rumen rendah. Hal tersebut dapat diperbaiki dengan teknologi untuk meningkatkan nilai nutrisi jerami padi. Disadari bahwa limbah tanaman pangan (seperti jerami padi) yang akan dimanfaatkan sebagai pakan ternak harus segera mungkin disimpan (diawetkan) guna menghindari kehilangan nilai nutrisinya. Fermentasi jerami padi dengan menggunakan Trichoderma sp akan menghasilkan inovasi pakan ternak yang dapat menjadi pakan alternatif bagi peternak. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama penyimpanan hasil fermentasi jerami padi oleh Trichoderma sp terhadap kandungan protein kasar dan serat kasar. Ini inovasi baru dalam pemanfaatan Trichoderma sp untuk fermentasi jerami padi. Berdasarkan Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan fermentasi jerami padi memiliki kandungan protein kasar sebesar 6,05% dengan lama penyimpanan fermentasi 3 minggu. Kandungan serat kasar terendah yaitu 28,26% pada lama penyimpanan fermentasi 2 minggu. Disimpulkan bahwa fermentasi dengan Trichoderma sp tidak dapat meningkatkan atau menurunkan nilai gizi secara keseluruhan. Fermentasi dengan lama 3 minggu mampu menaikkan kadungan protein kasar dan menurunkan bahan kering pada jerami padi. Kata kunci: fermentasi; jerami padi; Trichoderma; pakan alternatif. ABSTRACT Various innovations and technologies are needed to improve feed quality and 163 Tala dan Irfan