It is common for linear regression models to be plagued with the problem of multicollinearity when two or more regressors are highly correlated. This problem results in unstable estimates of regression coefficients and causes some serious problems in validation and interpretation of the model. Different diagnostic measures are used to detect multicollinearity among regressors. Many statistical software and R packages provide few diagnostic measures for the judgment of multicollinearity. Most widely used diagnostic measures in these software are: coefficient of determination (R 2), variance inflation factor/tolerance limit (VIF/TOL), eigenvalues, condition number (CN) and condition index (CI) etc. In this manuscript, we present an R package, mctest, that computes popular and widely used multicollinearity diagnostic measures. The package also indicates which regressors may be the reason of collinearity among regressors. Brief introduction of collinearity Consider the conventional multiple linear regression equation y = Xβ + u, where y is an n × 1 vector of observation on response variable, X is known design matrix of order n × p, β is an p × 1 vector of unknown parameters and u is an n × 1 vector of random errors with mean zero and variance σ 2 I n , where I n is an identity matrix of order n. One of the important assumptions of the classical linear regression model is that there is no exact collinearity among the regressors otherwise, the issue is referred to as multicollinearity. Generally, the problem of multicollinearity may also refer to have not only exact linear relationship but also high correlations among some or all regressors of a regression model under study. Strictly speaking, multicollinearity is usually refers to the existence of more than one exact linear relationship among regressors, while collinearity refers to the existence of a single linear relationship among regressors. However, in general, the term multicollinearity may be referred to both the cases. Data collection method, constraints on the fitted regression model, model specification error, overdefined model, some common trend in time series data and naturally correlated data may be some potential sources of multicollinearity.
This study measures the level of student satisfaction with current services offered by Pakistani universities. The exploration and comparison of possible differences in terms of level of satisfaction across gender and various programs/disciplines formulate key objectives. General survey guided by well structured questionnaire through connivance sampling has been administered across a valuable sample of 401 students. Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU) has been selected as sample case and data was collected from eighteen different disciplines and/or programs. Ten major constructs i.e. teaching, administrative/management support, transportation, library, computer labs & general labs, accommodation, medical; sports, prayer/religious facilities, and class room facilities were used. Mean analysis reflect student dissatisfied with many core services & facilities like teaching, administrative support, library, labs, accommodation, medical, and sports, while satisfaction has been reported only in three augmented areas like transportation, class room and prayer facilities. Quite interestingly, no significant differences of opinion have been recorded among male or female respondents. Overall, satisfaction level is alarming low and results indicate dissatisfaction of university students on educational services offered by Pakistani universities.
Diversification has become a common strategy of corporate risk management along with availing other potential benefits. The intent of this study is to identify and analyze the nature of relationship that exists between diversification and capital structure as well as profitability in Pakistan. For this purpose we use the 10 years ' (2000-2009) data of all the companies of chemical and food sector listed at the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE). We find that the diversified firms are more profitable. Using independent variables of firm size, growth and tangibility the results show that whenever significant, the relationship is associated with greater amount of debt held by the firms.
The purpose of this study is to investigate how earnings announcement event affects stock returns at Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE). For this purpose we use the KSE-100 Index as our sample. We use the CAR Analysis to analyze the impact of earnings announcement over the stock returns around announcement dates. Our results suggest that KSE experiences abnormal stock returns around earnings announcement dates for the overall market and for different categories which indicate that efficient market hypothesis does not hold in Pakistani market and point out the presence of informational dissemination inefficiencies in the market.
Electronic word of mouth (eWoM) is gaining a lot of importance during this era of digitalization. The aim of this study is to explore how different dimensions of eWoM are translated through the biases that are a component of each individual consumer’s mindset and psychology, eventually resulting in a positive or negative purchase behaviour by the consumer. There has been a lot of literature related to the basic model of communication in a marketing context. In most of the studies of the communication model, the characteristics of the sender and the channel have been explored, but the receiver dynamics still remain a relatively less explored area of the marketing communication literature. Data was collected through a Google Doc-based questionnaire. An encouraging response of 81% was received from the respondents. Before examining the final procedures of analysis, reliability and validity are established through Cronbach’s Alpha, discriminant and convergent validities. Results show that eWoM has a strong impact on consumer buying behavior. Lastly, our results indicate that consumer bias moderates the relationship between eWoM and consumer buying behaviours. There are several practical implications of this research study. Brands must practice marketing strategies that enable value creation, which ultimately results in positive eWoM.
The present study was designed to find out the underlying causes of intergenerational conflict between parents and their teenage children in Multan city, Pakistan. The escalated dispute between the Boomer and X generations originated due to abridged connectivity, inadequate emotional ties, and modified socialization patterns. A cross-sectional survey research design was used to determine the comparison of opinions between the parent-child age cohorts. A sample size of n1=202 parents and n2=410 unmarried teenage children from n=120 families were selected from the two towns of the study vicinity. The data was analyzed through simple linear regression analysis in SPSS version-21. From the results, it was evident that inadequate appreciation and affection induced the highest magnitude of parent-child conflict i.e. 50.3%. Furthermore, three other significant indicators of the intergenerational conflict between the two generations were i) lack of time spent (44.2%) ii) ineffective communication (49.1%) and iii) devaluing each other and non-fulfillment of commitment (36.1%). The concluding remarks unveiled that the parents and children were bound by the unbending and inflexible ideology of “Me on the right path.” This stubborn approach unable these two generations to understand and respect each others “privacy” “new normative trends” and “emerging needs of the modernized world.” The solidarity and relational ties between the two age allies could be augmented through understanding, forgiveness, acceptance, appreciation, commitment, adequate time spent, effective communication, and cognitive restructuring.
Most of the chemical sector firms in
The usage of social media is the biggest catalyst that causes behavioral transitions among the younger age cohort. In the recent era of digitalization, the youth especially college students are addicted to various social media apps such as Facebook, Tik Tok, Twitter, Whats app, and Youtube. This younger age bracket used digital media to watch violent-based entertainment content, pornographies, and video games. Aligning this,cross-sectional survey research design was conducted in the four registered colleges of Layyah, Pakistan. A total sample size of N=263 respondents was selected through a de-facto method. Questionnaire was used as a tool for the data collection process. The responses of the participants were gathered and analyzed through SPSS Version-21. The findings of the study revealed that the younger students above the age of 18 years i.e. n=157 (59.7%), who belonged to the nuclear family system(n=123, 46.8%), had low parental education (n=53, 20.2%), and had a family income of ?30,000PKR (n=96, 36.5%) were more involved in the usage of social media apps which proliferates their violent behavioral conduct. Moreover, playing violent video games (n=210, 79.8%), watching action-based movies (n=217, 82.5%), destruction of someone's possessions (n=164, 62.4%), and watchinga person shooting (n=177, 67.3%) were the major parameters that played an imperative role in amplifying the violent behavior among college students. In conclusion, to share carrier goals, information, innovations, and methods of expression, students used social media sites for various action-based audio-visual content. The vigilance provided by the parents along with college administration and teachers can help to mitigate the role of social media in proliferating violence among youth in the study context.
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