Mammalian collagen is a multifactorial biomaterial that is widely used for beneficial purposes in the advanced biomedical technologies. Generally, biomedical applicable collagen is extracted from the mammalian body, but it can also be derived from marine species. Recently, mammalian tissues collagen proteins are considered a great pathological risk for transmitted diseases, because purification of such protein is very challenging and needs efficient tool to avoid structure alteration. Thus, difficult extraction process and high cost decreased mammalian collagen demands for beneficial effects compared to marine collagen. In contrast, marine collagen is safe and easy to extract, however this potential source of collagen is hindered by low denaturing temperature, which is considered a main hurdle in the beneficial effects of marine collagen. Characterization and biomedical applications of marine collagen are in transition state and yet to be discovered. Therefore, an attempt was made to summarize the recent knowledge regarding different aspects of marine collagen applications in the biomedical engineering field.
22In this study, we sought to synthesize regenerated bacterial cellulose (rBC) scaffolds for 23 application in in vitro tissue regeneration. Bacterial cellulose (BC) was dissolved in N-methyl 24 morpholine-N-oxide (NMMO), and salt crystals were added as porogens, followed by casting 25 in molds and incubation in water. The synthesized scaffolds were characterized using Fourier 26 transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and field-emission scanning electron microscopy 27 (FE-SEM). The FT-IR spectra exhibited bands characteristic for BC in rBC scaffolds, 28 indicating no alteration in chemical structure, while FE-SEM revealed a porous structure of 29 the rBC scaffold. The scaffolds exhibited very high swelling ratio, indicating enhanced water 30 absorption and nutrient exchange capacity. The in vitro biocompatibility of the rBC scaffolds 31 was tested based on the adhesion, growth, and proliferation of animal fibroblasts (NIH 3T3), 32 and the osteogenesis of animal osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1). Results indicated good cell adhesion, 33 penetration, and proliferation. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and Alizarin red staining 34 (ARS) revealed osteogenic differentiation of animal osteoblasts on the scaffolds. These 35 results demonstrate that the rBC scaffolds are potential candidates for future tissue 36 engineering applications. 37 38
We report a novel, customizable, transparent, biocompatible, functional, easy-to-produce, efficient and cost-effective AmCA scaffold for 3D cell culture.
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