The present research investigates the effects of code-switching techniques on the academic achievement of bilingual pupils in the fields of mathematics and language education. The study centres on the integration of English and Mathematics instruction. This research aims to determine effective methods for teaching bilingual students and identify the benefits and challenges of incorporating code-switching in mathematics and language education. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative data from standardized tests and qualitative data from interviews and classroom observations. The results revealed a positive correlation between code-switching and bilingual students' mathematics and language performance, suggesting that integrated English and Mathematics instruction can enhance learning outcomes. Moreover, the study identified specific code-switching techniques that effectively support bilingual students in the mathematics classroom. These findings have crucial implications for educators working with bilingual students, highlighting the importance of tailoring teaching strategies to address the unique needs of this population while fostering their linguistic and mathematical abilities.

Education plays a pivotal role to shape students personality for the benefit of society. The objective of the study was to find out the existing and achieved level of civic values. The population was undergraduate students studying social sciences at the University of Sargodha. The intact classes of BS 1st and 8th semesters were the sample of the study. The data were collected through a questionnaire regarding higher education and civic value. The data were analyzed by applying an independent sample t-test to compare the existing and achieved level of civic values of the students. The result revealed that the achieved level of civic values was more prominent than the existing level. It is recommended that such research should be conducted in different universities in Pakistan to find out the effect of the philanthropist role of students in building peace, cooperation and tolerance in society.

Leadership is the art of motivating a group of individuals to do tasks in achieving desired goals. The leader is a source of inspiration for workers. The purpose of the study was to examine the school leadership effectiveness at the secondary level in Punjab. The study was quantitative in nature and survey design was used. Three hundred principals, headmasters and headmistresses of secondary schools of districts Hafiz Abad and Sargodha were the samples of the study. For data collection, an instrument that was based on three factors i.e. anticipation, alignment and action was used. Five educational experts ensured the validity of the instrument and the Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient value was 0.86. Mean, Standard Deviation, and independent sample t-tests were applied for analysis.The findings of the study revealed that there was a significant difference between male and female heads in school leadership effectiveness. Male leaders were better in school leadership effectiveness as compared to female leaders. Training is recommended for female leaders.

The objective of the study was to look into the inner and outer lives of rural people from the standpoint of their education and socioeconomic status. It was investigated why rural students could not continue their education after elementary school. The study was exploratory in nature and qualitative approach was applied. The purposive sampling technique was applied to select fifteen participants. A semi-structured interview was conducted to collect data from ten participants. The collected data were analyzed after the themes of the respondents’ responses were determined. Findings of the study revealed that rural people were also willing to get education but their outer world was not supportive. The findings revealed that rural people have dreams of getting higher education, but they were lacking better facilities for it. They could not afford finances to move to big cities to acquire higher education.