Background: Dengue is a viral disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito. Dengue has become an important public health problem worldwide. It affects tropical and subtropical regions around the world, predominantly in urban and semi urban areas. Dengue outbreaks characteristically have been associated with high rainfall as well as elevated temperatures and humidity. In Malaysia, dengue fever (DF) and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) have shown an increasing trend. This study aimed to map the spatial distributions of dengue cases in Putrajaya through integration of Geographical Information System (GIS) and spatial statistical analyses. Methodology: This study analysed 389 dengue cases from 2013 to 2014 in different precincts in Putrajaya. Data were collected from various government health agencies. Three spatial statistical analyses [Moran's I, Average Nearest Neighbourhood (ANN) and Kernel Density estimation] were used to access spatial distribution cases. Results: Analysis showed dengue cases within the district were highly clustered and occurred at an average distance of 264.91 meters. Several locations especially residential areas had been identified as hot spots of dengue cases in the precinct by using kernel density estimation analysis. Conclusion: The study has shown that by integrating spatial analysis using GIS, it is possible to improve the understanding of the distribution of dengue cases within a particular area. GIS and spatial statistical analyses are important in guiding health agencies, epidemiologists, public health officers, town planners and relevant authorities in developing efficient control measures and contingency programmes in identifying and prioritizing their efforts in effective dengue control activities.
Measurement of C-N magnitude and C/N ratio from particulate matter is used to explain the source of terrestrial and sea particulates. Therefore, this study aimed at using C/N ratio in assessing land-based material in the west coast of Spermonde area, Indonesia on suspended matter. Samples of SPM were collected in two seasons (transition and dry seasons), in coastal waters of Tallo, Maros, and Pangkep estuaries. The results of research showed that C tot was more abundant than was N tot in particulates from river rather than from sea region, reflecting most of the terrestrial organic matter stored before meeting with sea. C/N ratio on the west coast of South Sulawesi was in the range of 7-19.7, showing that organic matter in Tallo estuary in transition season was dominantly autochthonous, while in dry season it was found to be dominantly terrigenous organic matter that gave an indication that land factor was significant in waste supply. The same thing was found in Maros estuary and Pangkep estuary in transition season and dry season; at all points of observation there were findings of particulates coming from terrigenous organic matter. Percentage of nutrient absorbed in particulate was low and could become a eutrophication stressor, where SPM found only ranged from 9.60 to 55.1 mgL −1 with maximum average in dry season and minimum in transition season. On the contrary, POM was maximum in transition season and minimum in dry season with dominant particulate organic matter source from the sea itself.
Indonesian peatland forest is considered a huge sink of tropical carbon and thereby make significant contribution to global terrestrial carbon storage. However, landcover and landuse changes in this ecosystem have incurred a synergistic exposure to drought and wildfires. Deforestation and forest degradation through combustion and decomposition of forest biomass and soil carbon have become global issues because of their greenhouse gas contribution to global climate change. Thus fire-driven carbon losses in these peatlands have increased the need to evaluate the impacts of fire at a landscape scale. In 6-10 week dry periods from January to April 2014 and in January 2015, wildfires burnt peatland forest in Kubu Raya, West Kalimantan province (Indonesian Borneo). An assessment was conducted to provide more reliable estimates of the effects of fire on aboveground and soil carbon losses and their dynamics in the coastal peatlands of the province. Carbon loss from combustion of both aboveground biomass and peat soil was substantial. Moreover, CO 2 emission from soil respiration at the burnt peat surface increased 46% over the first 9 months after the fire. This study clearly showed the magnitude of fire-driven carbon loss and the scale of CO 2 emission to the atmosphere arising from fire in tropical peatland forest.
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