Purpose The purpose of this paper is to reduce the gap in understanding the complexity of barriers, their modifiers and how these barriers and their modifiers result in malpractices and missed good practices in post-earthquake reconstruction contexts. This paper provides insights to the often asked question: why the lessons learnt from one earthquake event are not actually learnt and many of the mistakes around housing reconstruction are repeated? Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on the review of the literature of the top deadliest earthquakes in the developing countries and the two case studies of the 2005 Kashmir and 2015 earthquake in Pakistan. Findings Multifarious barriers, their modifiers, malpractices and missed good practices are deeply interwoven, and endemic and include weak financial standing, lack of technical know-how, vulnerable location, social and cultural preference, affordability and availability of materials, over-emphasis on technical restrictions, inefficient policies, lack of clarity in institutional roles, monitoring and training. Research limitations/implications The study is desk based. Practical implications A better understanding of barriers can help disaster-related organisations to improve the planning and implementation of post-earthquake housing reconstruction. Social implications The study contributes to the understanding concerning various social and cultural preferences that negotiate the Build Back Better (BBB) process. Originality/value The study offers a distinctive perspective synthesising the literature and the two case studies to sharpen the understanding of the complexity of barriers to BBB.
The depletion of natural sand resources occurs due to excessive consumption of aggregate for concrete production. Continuous extraction of sand from riverbeds permanently depletes fine aggregate resources. At the same time, a major ecological challenge is the disposal of agricultural waste ash from biomass burning. In this study, an environmental friendly solution is proposed to investigate the incorporation of wheat straw ash (WSA) by replacing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of sand in concrete. Characterization results of WSA revealed that it was well-graded, free from organic impurities, and characterized by perforated and highly porous tubules attributed to its porous morphology. A decrease in fresh concrete density and an increase in slump values were attained by an increase in WSA replacement percentage. An increasing trend in compressive strength, hardened concrete density, and ultrasonic pulse velocity was observed, while a decrease was noticed in the values of water absorption with the increase in WSA replacement percentages and the curing age. The WSA incorporation at all replacement percentages yielded concrete compressive strength values over 21 MPa, which complies with the minimum strength requirement of structural concrete as specified in ACI 318-19. Acid resistance of WSA incorporated concrete improved due to the formation of pozzolanic hydrates as evident in Chappelle activity and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results of WSA modified composites. Thus, the incorporation of WSA provides an environmentally friendly solution for its disposal. It helps in conserving natural aggregate resources by providing a suitable alternative to fine aggregate for the construction industry.
AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui implemetasi Program Penyediaan Air Minum dan Sanitasi Berbasis Masyarakat (PAMSIMAS) pada masyarakat Desa Padang Mutung. Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif, pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara dan peninjauan dokumen. Hasil penelitian menjelaskan Program PAMSIMAS melakukan sosialisasi sanitasi lingkungan yaitu, penyampaian materi dan pemahaman kondisi limgkungan Desa Padang Mutung kemudian melakukan aksi praktis bersih-bersih perkarangan rumah hingga DAS. Ke dua, melakukan kegiatan praktis yaitu, partisipasi aktif masyarakat menggali dan menyambung pipa-pipa air bersih ke rumah warga. Selanjutnya kondisi lingkungan masyarakat pra-Program PAMSIMAS membutuhkan perbaikan sanitasi yang ditandai dengan macetnya saluran irigasi dan tercemarnya aliran sungai akibat limbah rumah tangga. Adapun kondisi lingkungan masyarakat pascaprogram PAMSIMAS, sanitasi lingkungan menjadi lebih baik, ditandai dengan kepedulian masyarakat terhadap sampah, aktifitas MCK yang baik dan masyarakat memperoleh air dengan mudah. Kata kunci: Pemberdayaan Lingkungan, Program PAMSIMAS AbstractThis study aims to determine the implementation of Community-Based Water Supply and Sanitation Provisioning Programs (PAMSIMAS) in Padang Mutung Village community. Research using qualitative methods, data collection using observation, interviews and document review. The results of the study explained that the PAMSIMAS Program promotes environmental sanitation, namely, the delivery of material and an understanding of the environmental conditions of the Padang Mutung Village and then undertakes practical actions to clean up the houses from the river to the Watershed. Second, carrying out practical activities, namely, active community participation in digging and connecting clean water pipes to residents' homes. Furthermore, the environmental conditions of the pre-PAMSIMAS community program require improvement in sanitation, which is marked by irregularities in irrigation channels and pollution of river flow due to household waste. As for the environmental conditions of the people after the PAMSIMAS program, environmental sanitation has become better, marked by the community's concern for waste, good washing and toilet activities and the community gets water easily. Keywords: Environmental Empowerment, PAMSIMAS Program
Aim: The present study was designed to evaluate the role of DNA damage response pathway genes and heat-shock proteins in head and neck cancer (HNC) risk. Methods: For this purpose, two study cohorts were used. Cohort 1 (blood samples of 250 HNC patients and 250 controls) was used for polymorphism screening of selected genes using tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain (Tetra-ARMS PCR). Cohort 2 (200 HNC tumors and adjacent controls) was used for expression analysis, using quantitative PCR. Results: Analysis showed that mutant allele frequency of selected polymorphisms was found associated with increased HNC risk. Expression analysis showed the significant deregulation of selected genes in patients. Conclusion: The present study showed that selected genes ( CHK1, CHK2, HSP70 and HSP90) can act as good diagnostic/prognostic markers in HNC.
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