There has been a paucity of research on the experiences of students at Pakistani universities. A survey of over 900 students at two universities examined their approaches to studying and perceptions of their courses. Evidence was obtained for a deep approach, a surface approach and two aspects of a strategic approach. Their perceptions were based upon the instructional practices, the acquisition of generic skills, the appropriateness of the assessment and of their workload, and the available learning resources. A higher-order analysis revealed two broad dimensions of the student experience in Pakistan. Students who had positive perceptions tended to adopt a deep approach, to prefer courses, teaching and assessment that supported their understanding and to be engaged and reliable in their studies. However, students who had negative perceptions tended to adopt a surface approach and to prefer courses, teaching and assessment that reinforced this approach through the bare transmission of information.
Background: Virtually no research has been conducted on patient assessments of traditional medicines and allopathic medicines for cancer care in poorer countries marked by pluralistic medical environments. Pakistan represents an excellent case for such a study because of the coexistence of culturally and historically specific indigenous traditional medicine, the strong presence of allopathic medicine, and, to a lesser extent, the availability of some globalized complementary and alternative medicines. Aim: To gain a preliminary understanding of cancer patients' perceptions of effectiveness and satisfaction with traditional medicine, globalized complementary and alternative medicine, and allopathy in the context of a pluralistic medical environment. Study Design: Structured survey of 362 cancer patients, from diverse regions in the Punjab province and Northwest Frontier province, who were being treated in 4 different hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan. Results: Use of traditional medicine remains high among cancer patients, with traditional healers used by the majority of those surveyed. Although patients' perceptions of the overall effectiveness of traditional medicines for treating cancer are low, those patients who do use traditional medicines still have high levels of satisfaction with these modalities. This is distinct from levels of satisfaction with, and perceptions of effectiveness of, Western cancer treatments, which were synonymous in this group of patients. Important differences in patient perceptions were found within groups (eg, between different forms of traditional healers) as well as between them. Conclusion: This study showed considerable support for complementary and alternative medicine/traditional medicine but also significant variation in usage of and perceptions of local traditional medicines. More research needs to be done to explore the social processes underlying this variation in cancer patients' preferences for particular traditional medicines.
Most of the educational institutions (Universities, Schools and Colleges) in Pakistan are based on traditional method of learning and teaching. Although various institutions are now converting the learning methods from traditional to technology based online learning. At the end of 2019, the sudden outbreak of Pandemic disease Covid-19 has totally changed the learning and teaching system. Many educational institutions that were based on traditional methods of learning and teaching have to shift entirely on online learning and teachings. A survey based research has been conducted to highlight the challenges faced by students and teachers during Covid-19 in learning and teachings at undergraduate and graduate levels. The results of the research indicated that the students and teachers faced a lot of problems during the online learning and teaching. The online learning system of Pakistan, problems during online learning and solutions to the online learning problems are also discussed. This research will give a direction for the solution of problems associated with online learning and teachings.
Education is a basic need of humanity and key element for the development of a nation. The population is increasing day by day and the main problem of education particularly in primary education is the increasing of number of students in the schools. So, the enrolment size of schools is increasing consistently. The effect of school enrolment size on the student’s achievement has been a major factor for the failure of the education system especially primary education. The purpose of this research is to discover the possible relations between the school enrolment size and student’s achievements. The data of four primary schools namely GPS Gaggu, GPS Samina, GPS Tagiani and GPS Yaroo has been selected to check the effect of school enrolment size on the student’s achievements. The results of the study indicate that as the enrolment size increased in the school, the achievements of the student’s decreased and vice versa.
Purpose: To study the prescribing pattern of antibiotics in outpatients and emergency departments in the Gulf region. To compare the appropriateness of prescriptions and antibiotics commonly prescribed for respiratory tract infection.Method: The search was limited to the years 2008–2020, and articles had to be in English. Articles were searched from various resources and evaluated using PRISMA. Forty-one articles were selected and screened, and in the end, 17 articles were included in the study. All articles were selected from the gulf region of six countries: UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, Yemen, and Bahrain. Only primary literature were included. Inpatient and literature from other countries outside the gulf region were excluded.Result: Penicillins, cephalosporins, and macrolides are highly useful antibiotics for respiratory tract infections. Ceftriaxone IV is recommended in acute respiratory tract infection if therapy with penicillin fails. Most of the antibiotic prescriptions in Gulf countries are inappropriate. Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in the gulf region varies from place to place and reaches a maximum of 80%. Antibiotics may be prescribed with the wrong dosage or frequency and inappropriate guidelines. Penicillins are prescribed at about 50–60%; the most common penicillins prescribed are amoxicillin and co-amoxiclave. Cephalosporins are prescribed at about 30%, and the most common are third-generation. Macrolides are prescribed at about 17–20%, and the most common macrolides are azithromycin and clarithromycin. Fluoroquinolones are prescribed at about 10–12%, of which levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin are more commonly prescribed with metronidazole at 10%.Conclusion: It is suggested that the antibiotic-prescribing pattern in outpatient and emergency departments in the Gulf region are highly inappropriate and need improvement through education, following guidelines, annual vaccination, and stewardship programs; the most prescribed antibiotic is amoxicillin/co-amoxiclave, and the most often encountered infection in outpatients is acute respiratory tract infection.
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