Leadership studies in Indonesia tend to discuss the way leadership affects individual attitudes and behavior as well as team effectiveness. However, a more contextual and recent approach study in understanding leadership remains underdeveloped. As a preliminary, this study aims to explore the concept of Indonesia's leadership based on local perspectives by taking into account Implicit Leadership Theory. Data were gathered by involving 404 millennials (63,6% female, 36,4% male) using an open-ended question namely "Describe three characteristics of a leader" and two scales asking participants' perception about how typical and effective each leaders' characteristic count for leadership. A total of 1159 responses were analyzed using thematic analysis and demonstrated four characteristics depicting prototypes of leaders namely moral (41,07%), generally-competent (29,42%), charismatic (20,79%), conscientious (8,71%). A one-way ANOVA was also conducted to compare the effect of leader's prototypes on perception of typicality and effectiveness of leadership. There was a significant effect of leadership prototypes on perception of typical leadership at the p<.05 level for the three conditions for each of perception about how typical and effective the prototypes reflect leadership. However, at the level of prototypes, no differences were found in perceiving which prototypes were considered as more typical and effective. The descriptive scores of each prototype indicates all of the prototypes were perceived as high in reflecting typicality and effectiveness in leadership. In conclusion, all leadership prototypes emerged from the responses were perceived as both typical and effective by the participants.
Happiness is something that every individual yearns for, so an understanding of the factors that influence it is needed. This study aims to test the influence model of social support, spirituality, and gratitude on happiness through self-acceptance. Data collection using the scale of social support, spirituality, gratitude, self-acceptance, and happiness, with a sample of 790 Indonesian students. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis. The structural model showed acceptable goodness of fit. Self-acceptance was demonstrated to significantly serve as a mediating variable in social support, spirituality, and gratitude in relation to happiness. In addition, social support (β = .112, p .01), gratitude (β = .256, p .01), spirituality (β = .431, p .01), and self-acceptance (β = .364, p .01) had significant positive relationships with happiness. The study has important implications globally for characteristics such as the sample used, especially with regard to the self-acceptance and happiness of university students.
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