Start-ups are launched every day, and most of them will fail at the same pace. Worldwide unemployment has become a major concern due to the geometric increase in the population. However, job opportunities are not created at the same pace as the overall population, and jobless people are becoming a burden on the economy. This situation led to introduce a system that helps people become self-employed and gives dignity to their lives. Prior studies reported that many factors could motivate an individual to pursue entrepreneurial projects. However, there is still a gap in identifying a path that promotes entrepreneurial intention among young graduates. Therefore, the purpose of the current study is to determine the effect of self-motivation, family support, peer influence, and institutional support on entrepreneurial intention through entrepreneurial skills, propensity to take risks, and innovativeness. Data were collected from 416 business students from six public and private sector universities in Pakistan. The results revealed that self-motivation, family support, peer influence, and institutional support positively and significantly affected entrepreneurial intention. The mediating role of entrepreneurial skills, a propensity to take risks, and innovativeness also enhances entrepreneurial intention among young graduates. A categorical analysis was conducted to explain the characteristics of the individuals motivated to launch start-ups. The results revealed a significant difference in the grouping variables of gender and education. The conceptual model provides more pronounced results in the case of male and post-graduate students. These findings may motivate young graduates to start new venture capital start-ups based on open business models. In this way, they can contribute to the complex and evolutionary economics that accelerate efficiency through technological innovation.

Espousing the theoretical framework of singling theory and social exchange theory, the current study examines the less explored topic of paternalistic leadership. This study contributed by scrutinizing the relationship between paternalistic leadership, personality characteristics, alienation, and organizational climate through the mediating role of cohesiveness. A convenience sampling technique was applied for this study. Data was collected through an adopted questionnaire from 723 respondents. A variance-based structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used for testing the proposed structural model. Results revealed that paternalistic leadership and personality characteristics significantly and positively impact alienation and organizational climate. Furthermore, cohesiveness mediates the relationship between personality characteristics, paternalistic leadership, alienation, and organizational climate. Based on research findings, essential theoretical and managerial aspects with major policy-making implications are discussed in the study.

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As worldwide unemployment is an extensive problem by the increasing population every day but opportunities for jobs didn’t increase with the similar ratio. Unemployment is increasing, affecting developing countries’ economies like Pakistan. This attempt to solve this problem is commonly acknowledged by creating new opportunities and starting new business ventures. Considering this aspect, this study purposes to inspect the aspects that create and effect entrepreneurial intention in young entrepreneurs to start entrepreneurial projects. This study explores the effect of self-efficacy, family support, institutional support and peer support towards entrepreneurial intention. These factors are expected to create entrepreneurial intention in young graduates to start their business ventures. All these factors and the mediating role of knowledge of entrepreneurial skills, ability to take risk, and entrepreneurial innovativeness motivate young entrepreneurs to take startups. For results, a survey method with a questionnaire has been utilized for the gathering of data. The collected data were evaluated through descriptive and inferential statistics. SPSS and SMART-PLS 3.3 were used for the analysis of results. 716 respondents participated in the data collection process. Data has been gathered from the master's students who registered in business sector top universities in Pakistan. The results of this study showed that self-efficacy, peers support, institutional support and family support have a positive impact on entrepreneurial intention. Additionally, knowledge of entrepreneurial skills, the ability to take risks, and entrepreneurial innovativeness also significantly affect entrepreneurial intention. In this study, all these results have been discussed. This study also discusses various theoretical and practical factors with substantial policy-making significance.