Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare results obtained using a single fecal specimen for ova and parasite (O and P) examination, direct immunofluorescent assay (DFA), and two conventional staining methods. Design: Fecal specimens of 150 children were collected and examined by each method. The O and P and the DFA were used as the reference methods. Setting: The study was performed at the laboratory in the Basic Medical Science Institute JPMC Karachi. Materials and Methods: The fecal specimens were collected from children with a suspected Giardia lamblia infection. Agreement and disagreement between the methods was determined based on (1) the presence of giardiasis in our population and (2) the sensitivity and specificity of each method. Results: There was 45 (30%) positive and 105 (70%) negative cases found with DFA, 41 (27.4%) positive and 109 (72.6%) negative cases detected by iodine method, and 34 (22.6%) positive and 116 (77.4%) negative cases found with saline method. The sensitivity and specificity of DFA in comparison to iodine were 92.2 and 92.7%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of DFA in comparison to saline method were 91.2 and 87.9%, respectively. The sensitivities of iodine method and saline method in comparison to DFA were 82.2 and 68.8%, respectively. There is marked difference in sensitivity of DFA compared to conventional methods. Conclusion: The study supported the findings of other investigators who concluded that DFA method has the greatest sensitivity. The immunologic methods were more efficient and quicker than the conventional O and P method.
Background: The frequency of hepatitis C virus infection along with tuberculosis has not been widely investigated and very low statistics on rates of hepatitis C virus co-infection in tuberculosis patients. Hepatotoxicity is the major side effect of anti-tuberculosis therapy hepatitis HCVliver disease elevates the chances of hepatotoxicity up-to five folds. Aim: To see the frequency of Hepatitis Cvirus infection amongst people with diagnosed Tuberculosis using gene X-pert technique. To evaluate the factors associated with HCVinfection in patients with MTBtuberculosis and to determine sensitivity and specificity of the tests. Study design: Comparative analytical study. Place and duration of study: Pathology Department, Civil Hospital Mirpur Khas Sindh from 1stJanuary 2017 to 31st December 2018. Methodology: Three hundred and thirteen patients of tuberculosis diagnosed by Genexpert included while testing hepatitis C virus using immunochromotography rapid test technique, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay method and polymerase chain reaction test for confirmation. Results:Higher frequency of tuberculosis infection in males 57.8%, 42.5% between 20-39 years and 22% of hepatitis C virus infection in tuberculosis patients.Sensitivity of rapid test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was 79% and 96% respectively while the specificity of rapid test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was 91% and 99% respectively. Conclusion: The high frequency of hepatitis C virus co-infection was found among tuberculosis cases in Mirpur Khas Division Sindh. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method is more accurate, reliable as compared to rapid immunochromatographytest for hepatitis C virus and polymerase chain reaction is still gold standard. Keywords: TB, Hepatitis C virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis,, PCR, Genexpert, Rapid test
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