The monitoring of subsurface ground movement is important for the prevention and control of geological disaster including land subsidence, ground fissure, surface collapse, and landslides. Inclinometer and extensometer are examples of the conventional geotechnical instruments for monitoring the subsurface ground movement. However, most conventional geotechnical instruments for subsurface monitoring are limited to discrete sensing, high cost, and susceptible to various reading errors. This paper presents the advancement of technology mechanism to monitor horizontal ground movements as well as the data processing technique involved. Distributed optical fibre inclinometer is developed through laboratory pipe bending tests whereas the data is corroborated with conventional instruments. This system was installed on site, measuring the performance of the sensors as well as to monitor the associated ground movements. A simple cost comparative study between fibre optic inclinometer and conventional geotechnical instrumentation indicates the new technology is cost-effective for applications in ground monitoring particularly when monitoring a large number of borehole points and measurement arrays.
Introduction: Indonesia is a country with a large agricultural and industry, known to utilize various types of pesticides, as well as several other industries with uncontrolled pollution levels distributed across the nation. Besides, numerous studies have stated the adverse effects of chemicals substances used in daily life and industrial waste on the health of living things, including humans. This study aimed to determine the infertility characteristic in the agricultural and industrial areas in Karawang Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia.Methods: The study was conducted retrospectively on medical records. Therefore, this study determined the infertility characteristics based on sperm analysis, the etiology of the causes of infertility in female, and the diagnosis of infertility. Data collection was obtained from patients' medical records in the Infertile Poly of Mitra Bunda Amanda Hospital Karawang, Karawang Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. Result: The results showed infertility was most prevalent in males aged 30-40 years (55.79%) and females below 30 years (61.05%). Furthermore, the male and female's most prevalent educational qualification (33.68% and 36.84%, respectively) was discovered to be high school diploma. In terms of occupation, most male (56.84%) were laborers, while the female was mostly housewives (36.84%). Meanwhile, oligoasthenoteratozoospermia was the most analyzed sperm type (33.68%), and polycystic ovary syndrome was the most common etiology of infertility in females (26.32%). The most prevalent diagnosis was primary infertility factors, male and female (45.26%).Conclusion: Primary infertility of male and female factors, polycystic ovary syndrome and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia dominate the infertile population in agricultural and industrial areas in Karawang Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia.
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