This paper investigates the relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth in Pakistan. The co-integration and error correction model is used to show the relationship between foreign direct investment and gross domestic product in Pakistan. Gross domestic product is taken as dependent variable while foreign direct investment, labor force and domestic capital as independent variables. The results suggest that there is a positive relation between foreign direct investment and gross domestic product in short as well as long run. If we want to make economic progress then there is a need to invite foreign investors because foreign direct investment increases GDP that is economic growth. JEL CLASSIFICATION & KEYWORDSO10 O19 O41 Gross domestic product Foreign direct investment Labor force Domestic capital

This paper investigates the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth of Pakistan. A time series data has been used for the period of 1973-2006. GDP is taken as dependent variable and energy consumption as independent variable. Augmented Dicky Fuller test has been used to check the stationary of the variables and both variables found stationary at level. The results of Granger causality test show uni-directional causality running from GDP to energy consumption. The results of ordinary least squares test show positive relation between GDP and energy consumption in Pakistan. One percent increase in energy consumption will raise GDP by 1.23%. Diagnostic tests confirm that residuals are normally distributed, coefficients are stable and there is no ARCH effect. Pakistan economy is energy dependent. Shortage of energy means lower the economic growth of Pakistan. We should utilize our own sources to meet the needs of energy like by constructing biogas plants in villages and solar energy is also alternative source. This can reduce the dependency on foreign sources.

This paper aims to unfold patriarchal oppression and capitalist oppression, evaluating the response of various male and female characters of novel “The Murder of Aziz Khan” by Zulfikar Ghose against (capitalist) oppression and dominance differently. Nexus between capitalism & patriarchy has created wide divide among human beings. So, there has always been tussle between these classes: oppressor (employer) and the oppressed (labourers). There was no rapprochement amid the ruler and the ruled. “The Murder of Aziz Khan” is essentially divided into two classes of people: the rulers who do all for their benefit and ruled that are oppressed and don’t have any choice to live their lives as per to their wishes. So very often oppressed class of people showed its resistance against oppression and dominance verbally and physically. “The Murder of Aziz Khan” was studied by using critical discourse analysis, under umbrella of qualitative research approach. Theories provided framework of this article to analyze the responses of male and female characters against oppression & dominance. The study concluded that there was high resistance level of male & female characters against the unnecessary domination and oppression.

Purpose of the Study: The main objective of this paper was to synthesize and analysing the existing knowledge to evaluate the effect of public space on women’s leisure. Another major objective was to check the role of gender in determining leisure activities and opportunities for rural women. The current study focuses on South Asian rural women concerning Pakistani society. Methodology: For the present study, the researchers analysed and reviewed articles from different databases like Google Scholar, Taylor, and Francis, Springer, and Sage publication journals from 2000 to 2020. Principal Findings: After reviewing the various studies conducted in the 21st century, the results showed that most rural women are not allowed to do leisure in public space, and they have few opportunities to do it inside the boundary of the household. The public space is used predominantly by males for their leisure. Family pressure and patriarchal social norms also hampered women’s desire to claim public space for leisure activities. Application of the Study: This study concluded that the leisure opportunities for rural women are less as compared to their counterparts. Public space is vital and plays a pivotal role in shaping and determining leisure activities for both genders. This study also raised certain questions which are thought-provoking and can be crucial for future investigation. Novelty/Originality: this study is a unique effort to discuss rural women’s leisure from a South Asian Perspective. It also gives insight with the support of most recent data regarding rural women’s leisure and its relationship with the social structure of society.

Infertility is perceived differently across socio-cultural contexts and studies have shown these perceptions affect the overall management of infertility. This study specifically explored the sociocultural definition and perceived cause of infertility among married infertile persons experiencing primary infertility in Kwara South, Nigeria. The study adopted a qualitative exploratory design. Snowball sampling technique was used to recruit infertile persons for this study. Data was collected through in-depth interviews of 13 infertile married women and 7 infertile men. The data was analyzed using conventional content analysis with the aid of Atlas.ti 7. Findings showed that infertility is defined as barrenness and childlessness. It is perceived as an undesirable private marital problem and not a disease. Infertility is believed to be men and women problem. However, it is assumed to be primarily caused by women. Sociocultural factors rather than biomedical factors were exalted as primary causes of infertility. These include lifestyle choices or habits like worldliness (waywardness/promiscuity, alcoholism, substance abuse and diet); sociocultural beliefs centered on dirtiness, abortion, curses, spiritual oppression, witchcraft/sorcery, wrong mate selection, trial and punishment from God. Rape, menstrual disorder and low sperm count were also reported. Understanding these perceptions will enhance the development of culture-specific programs targeted at managing infertility in Nigeria.