The irrigation system throughout the world is affected by the variations in water content due to different soil structure, textures and climate change. The irrigation system supplies sufficient water to the agricultural fields in order to fulfill the prerequisites. The measurement of soil moisture content (62%) is crucial for precision irrigation and sustainable agricultural system. Site specific agricultural system was utilized to overcome all issues related to soil water moisture contents in the paddock. Smart technology was utilized to record GPS signals utilizing the signals reflected on the Earth’s surface. The GPS was utilized to analyze dielectric soil properties and moisture content in proposed areas. The main objective of this study was to determine water content with stimulus soil type, ground cover and compaction on the irrigation system by utilizing the GPS-based techniques. The result indicated positive relation between soil moisture content and the signals reflected on the earth surface. All factors affecting the irrigation system were not related to the reflected signals and did not affect the soil moisture content. The reflectivity was not reduced by ground cover. Whereas, comparative relationship was found between soil moisture content and reflectivity index i.e. soil moisture contents were increased with reflectivity index up to 0.02 %. The results showed that GPS signals system have significant impact on estimation of soil moisture content in precise irrigation system.
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of proparacaine 0.5% as a topical anesthetic in pterygium surgery. Study Design: Quasi-Experimental study. Place and Duration: Eye Unit-II, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, from December 2010 to April 2011.Methodology: Thirty patients affected by primary pterygium underwent pterygium excision under topical anesthesia using proparacaine 0.5%eye drops. Pterygium excision was performed along with dissection of the degenerative conjunctival tissue, scraping of the corneal surface withsurgical blade No.15, meticulous dissection of the underlying Tenon's capsule, preparation of a free conjunctival graft from the superotemporalsector of healthy conjunctiva, and positioning of this graft to the area of bare sclera using 6/0 vicryl suture. Computer software SPSS (version10) was used to analyze the data. Results were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. Results: It was possible to perform all theprocedure under topical anesthesia using 0.5% Proparacaine eye drops without a need of supplemental subconjunctival or peribulbaranesthesia. Pain reported by the patients, recorded by a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) with 0-4 grades, and was mild to moderate during the entiresurgical procedure. Conclusions: Topical proparacaine 0.5% is a safe and effective anesthetic in pterygium surgery. The long lastinganesthesia with this agent permits performing the surgical procedure with low pain felt by the patients with a resultant low surgical invasivity anda short duration of surgery.
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