Objective Rotavirus A (RVA) is a significant cause of severe diarrheal illness and one of the common causes of death in children under the age of five. This study was aimed at detecting the prevalence of RVA in Pakistan after rotavirus vaccines were introduced. Fecal samples were obtained from 813 children from different hospitals in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan, from January 2018 to December 2018. To obtain additional information from the parents / guardians of the children, a standard questionnaire was used. Results Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (ELISA), rotavirus antigen was detected and ELISA positive samples were subjected to reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The findings showed 22% prevalence of RVA in children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) via ELISA and 21% prevalence via RT-PCR in children with AGE. There was no statistically significant difference between gender, age and RVA infections. The winter, spring and fall/autumn seasons were statistically significant for RVA prevalence. Conclusion The present study will provide post vaccine prevalence data for the health policy makers. The implementation of rotavirus vaccines, along with adequate nutrition for babies, clean water supply and maternal hygienic activities during infant feeding, is recommended. Furthermore, continuous surveillance is mandatory in the whole country to calculate the disease burden caused by RVA.
Introduction: Cricket, a bat-and-ball sport, is becoming popular among women of all ages and abilities worldwide.However, cricket participation carries a risk of injury. Injuries negatively affect sport participation, performance, and short-and long-term health and well-being. Injury prevention, therefore, is the key to safe, long-term cricket participation as a physical activity goal. Epidemiological data are needed to underpin evidence-based injuryprevention strategies.Inclusion criteria: Studies reporting incidence and prevalence of injuries in female cricket players of all ages, participating in all levels of play, were included in this review, including studies that report data by sex or by sport. Studies were excluded if they did not have enough data to calculate prevalence or incidence, did not distinguish female injury data from male injury data, focused on athletes participating in other sports, or focused on case studies.Methods: A systematic review and meta-analyses were conducted according to the JBI and PRISMA 2020 guidelines. MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), EBSCO MasterFILE Premier, EBSCO CINAHL Complete, ProQuest Health and Medical Complete, Scopus, and ScienceDirect were systematically searched from inception to August 2021. Additionally, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched. EBSCO MegaFile Premier, OpenGrey (SIGLE), WorldCat, Grey Matters, Grey Literature, and Google Scholar were searched for gray literature. Full-text articles that met the inclusion criteria were critically appraised using tools from JBI, and were extracted and synthesized in narrative summary and tabular format. Three metaanalyses were conducted: injury incidence rates, injury prevalence proportions, and injury incidence proportions. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I 2 statistic and the random-effects model. Results:Of the 7057 studies identified, 4256 were screened after duplicates were removed. A total of 23 studies met the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was low for 21 studies. The injury incidence rate for elite cricket was 71.9 (SE 21.3, 95% CI 30.2-113.6) injuries per 1000 player hours, time-loss injury incidence rate was 13.3 (SE 4.4, 95% CI 4.6-22.0) injuries per 1000 player hours, and non-time-loss injury incidence rate was 58.5 (SE 16.9, 95% CI 25.6-91.7) injuries per 1000 player hours. The injury prevalence proportion for community to elite cricket was 65.2% (SE 9.3,) and the injury prevalence proportion for community cricket was 60% (SE 4.5, 95% CI 51.1-68.6). The injury incidence proportion for community cricket was 5.6 (SE 4.4, 95% CI 0.1-18.3) injuries per 10,000 participants. Elite cricket players were more frequently injured than community cricket players. The most prevalent body regions injured were the shoulder and knee, and most were sustained by fast bowlers. Injuries to the hand, wrist, and fingers had the highest incidence and were most sustained by fielders.
BackgroundEvidence-based practice requires the use of objective, valid and reliable tests for measuring the length of a muscle. Latissimus Dorsi is a muscle which undergoes length changes (loss of extensibility) and this muscle has a functional role in many aspects of sport and rehabilitation. The loss of extensibility may result in a decreased range of motion at the glenohumeral joint leading to dysfunction.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of a technique adapted by Comerford and Mottram in 2012 for assessing the length of Latissimus Dorsi (LD) muscle.MethodFifty-six students from a university’s physiotherapy department participated in this study. Four physiotherapists with clinical experience varying between 10 and 30 years independently performed the test for assessing the length of LD. The test was performed twice by each physiotherapist on every participant during two reading sessions.ResultsThe intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) as determined in a mixed-effects, generalised least squares regression analysis was used to assess inter- and intra-rater reliability of the LD length test. A 0.05 level of significance was employed. A sample of 56 participants provided an ICC that varied between 0.76 and 0.55, which is regarded as moderate to poor reliability. The ICC between the experienced raters was found to be 0.48, with a novice rater having an ICC of 0.48 as well. The ICC between all the raters was 0.33, which constituted poor reliability.ConclusionThe poor to moderate reliability of the technique testing the length of LD test is not suitable for application in a research setting.Clinical implicationsThe small differences noted between Reading 1 and Reading 2 regarding the standard deviation of all the raters combined suggests that the LD length test may still prove to be useful in quantifying dysfunction in a clinical setting.
of swimmers will develop shoulder pain through-out their careers.Purpose: To determine if lateral costal breathing dissociation exercises in conjunction with scapular retraining had an effect on the length of Pectoralis minor in competitive swimmers.Methods: A comparative parallel group longitudinal design was used in this study. During a six week supervised intervention period the experimental group (n = 23) and control group (n = 25) did retraining of the scapula stabilisers and stretching of Pectoralis minor. The experimental group did breathing dissociation exercises to facilitate lateral costal breathing. The control group exhaled into a blow bottle. Pectoralis minor length and thoracic expansion were measured. The function of the scapula stabilisers was evaluated as well as the scapula position. Evaluations were done at baseline, six weeks and five months post intervention.Results: After six weeks the experimental group showed significant (p < 0.04) less winging of the distal third of the scapula on the left side compared to the control group. Within the experimental group ten of the thirteen markers used to determine the resting position of the scapula showed significant improvement compared to the six markers in the control group. Serratus anterior and middle fibres of Trapezius showed significant within group improvement in function for both groups. Only the experimental group showed significant improvement in function of the lower fibres of Trapezius. The scapula showed significantly less dysrhythmia within the experimental group on the left and right sides (p < 0.0209) as compared to the control group. The experimental group showed an increase in the Pectoralis minor Index (PMI) of 0.5 (left & right) and the control group showed an increase of 0.5 (left) and 0.7 (right).After five months the resting and dynamic scapula positions showed deterioration. The change in muscle function within both groups was maintained over five months. The experimental group showed further improvement in PMI and the comparison group showed deterioration. In addition to the PMI upper thoracic expansion decreased and lower thoracic increase in the experimental group. The comparison group showed a decrease in upper and lower thoracic expansion. Conclusion(s):The increase in PMI and increase in lower thoracic expansion for the experimental group could favour swimmers to breathe more effectively. An increase in Pectoralis minor length may result in a more posteriorly tilted scapula. The lower fibres of Trapezius can function optimally contributing to a stable scapula. From a stable scapula Pectoralis minor can fulfil its function as an accessory breathing muscle more effectively.Implications: Breathing dissociation exercises affected Pectoralis minor length over six weeks and five months within competitive swimmers. This change in PMI may contribute to optimum scapula positioning and shoulder function in competitive swimmers. Background:The length of a muscle has been described as one of the factors contributing to the ideal mov...
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