The countrywide lockdown in Pakistan was enforced on the 1st of April which lasted till the 9th of May 2020. The Punjab Unified Communication and Response (PUCAR-15) statistical data indicates that a total of 25 percent rise was observed in the cases of domestic violence during the lockdown. Therefore, it is imperative to examine the evidence, reason, and corrective measures to limit and control the domestic violence against women in Pakistan. This paper analyzes the current literature, legal framework, and necessary preventive measures to tackle the issue of domestic violence to safeguard the women staying at home. Keywords: COVID-19, Lockdown, Domestic Violence, Women rights, Pakistan
We demonstrate that 2D photonic crystals (PhCs), composed of dielectric rods and organized in rectangular lattices with precisely determined lattice constants, can support, at both TM and TE polarization of incident waves, unidirectional wave propagation with near-zero refractive indices (NZRIs) along short sides of unit cells. Wave propagation along the orthogonal direction, i.e., along long sides of unit cells, is fully suppressed that results in collimation of incident divergent waves. We show that the observed promising collimation effect is correlated with flat equi-frequency contours of PhCs, while operating frequency corresponds to the lower edge of the 2nd transmission band of the crystal media. For experimental verification of the simulation results, obtained by using full-wave electromagnetic solvers, we have recorded wave patterns beyond PhC fragment designed for operating frequency in the microwave range. Fabricated samples were composed of ceramic dielectric rods with mm-size diameters. The samples were illuminated by divergent TM polarized electromagnetic waves. Obtained results extend perspectives of low-loss artificial anisotropic media with NZRI properties for microwave and photonic applications.
We investigate the effects of fragmenting metasurfaces (MSs), composed of dielectric disks, on their electromagnetic responses and show that the presence of four abrupt boundaries between finite size structures and free space leads to the formation of new resonance modes. In addition to the characteristic for infinite metasurfaces modes with identical dipolar resonances formed in all unit cells, fragmented metasurfaces can exhibit out-of-phase electric and magnetic responses in neighboring “meta-atoms.” While in-phase responses correspond to field patterns representative for even resonance modes, out-of-phase responses produce a variety of patterns typical for odd resonance modes. These modes are formed as the result of partial reflections of surface waves from boundaries between MS fragments and free space, and their respective responses demonstrate extremely high intensities and Q-factors. Enabled by new responses, a significantly localized wave/matter interaction can be used for enhancing the performance of sensors and absorbers of 5G systems. In addition, we report the detection of extraordinary narrow-band transmission at electric and magnetic dipolar resonances in fragmented MSs that can be used to locally enhance mm-wave signals for 5G communications. As a proof of concept, transmission through a 5 × 5 MS fragment has been experimentally confirmed in the X-band of microwave spectrum.
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