There were strong interactions between plant-hosts and Pasteuria (P0.01) on numbers of eggmasses, root galling and numbers of eggs/eggmass produced by females of Meloidogyne javanica after 422, 595 and 767 degree days after first, second and third harvests. The presence and absence of the biocontrol agent (Pasteuria penetrans) in the treatments influenced these parameters and it was also influenced by plant hosts. After the first harvest, there were significant differences in the above-mentioned parameters between P. penetrans and control treatments (P0.01). There was lesser root galling (3.13) in the treatments where P. penetrans was applied compared with untreated control (5.53). Plant hosts also differed significantly in root galling (P0.01) and the interaction between plant-host and Pasteuria was non-significant (P0.05). After the second harvest, there were significant differences between Pasteuria and control treatments in these parameters. Plant-hosts differed significantly in numbers of eggmasses and root galling (P0.01) and there was no interaction between plant-host and Pasteuria (P0.05) regarding eggmasses and root galling. After the third harvest, there were significant differences between Pasteuria and control treatments in the production of eggmasses (P0.01), root galling, and the number of eggs/eggmass (P0.01). There were fewer eggmasses (379) and lesser galling (5.1) in the treatments where P. penetrans was applied. Plant-hosts differed significantly in numbers of eggmasses and root galling (P0.01). However, there was no interaction between plant-host and Pasteuria (P0.05) regarding eggmasses and root galling. Contrarily, a significant interaction between plant-hosts and Pasteuria (P0.01) and greater numbers of eggs were observed among females developed on tomato in the presence (385) and absence (629) of Pasteuria. The rate of parasitism of M. javanica was very low and there was no P. penetrans infection after 422-degree days as neither vegetative stages nor mature endospores were observed in females. After 595-degree days, few females were observed having vegetative stages of the bacterium. The parasitism of females was only observed though very low after 767-degree days and females reared on okra were infected in greater numbers than those reared on tomato and eggplant.
The aim of the present test was to develop a Pasteuria penetrans isolate (Pp3) on a Meloidogyne blend and compare the attachment and pathogenic potential of this heterogeneously produced isolate with other Pp3 isolates produced on individual Meloidogyne species (Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita and M. arenaria). Number of spores attached varied among Meloidogyne spp. Pp3 isolate originally multiplied on M. javanica showed greater attachment level with second stage juveniles (J2s) of M. javanica (13.8) than other Meloidogyne spp. tested and lesser attachment was observed on J2s of a M. arenaria. The Pp3 isolate showed variable influence on the Meloidogyne spp. in suppressing root-knot disease. There was a significant difference in numbers of eggmasses produced by females of Meloidogyne spp. Higher numbers of eggmasses were recorded with females of M. arenaria (370) while fewer numbers of eggmasses were observed in treatment where M. javanica (245) was present. Root galling differed significantly among treatments (P0.01) and higher gall infestation was recorded in M. arenaria treatment (6.2) while lesser galling was observed in M. javanica treatment (4.4). Final female population also varied among treatments (P0.05) showing higher numbers of females in M. arenaria treatment (456) and fewer with M. javanica (398). Parasitism of females of Meloidogyne spp. by Pp3 differed significantly among treatments. Higher numbers of females infected with Pp3 spores were recorded among females of M. javanica (14.4) while lesser numbers of parasitized females were observed in M. arenaria treatment (9.8). There were significant variations in numbers of endospores/female produced by females of Meloidogyne spp. however egg set data did not differ in the treatments. The results showed that the Pp3 isolate was more pathogenic on M. javanica compared with other Meloidogyne spp. (M. incognita, M. arenaria and M blend). The Pp3 isolate was found compatible with different Meloidogyne spp. while M. arenaria proved the least good host to bacterial parasite
From the characterisation, the partial 16 S gene sequences obtained for the two bacteria were subjected to blast-bootstrap analysis to obtain the phylogenetic tree. In assessing the similarity of Xenorhabdus bovienii with five other Xenorhabdus spp., it was found to be 96% similar to X. nematophila and X. japonica with Accession Numbers D78006 and NR027194 respectively. The X. bovienii was closer to X. beddingii 95% and X. kazodoii and 97% similarity to X. poinarii. From the phylogenetic tree, the two species of bacteria were found to belong to the genera Xenorhabadus and Photorhabdus. The two bacteria were compared with Xenorhabdus japonica NR027194, X. nematophila, D78006 X. poinarii DQ211703, X. beddingii AY278675 and X. kozodoii Eu 190977. The results showed that at 20 ℃ both the bacteria X. bovienii and Photorhabdus luminescens increased to a log concentration of 7.5 after 6 h. They then increased slightly up to 15 h. At 25 ℃ X. bovienii had a concentration of 6.1 after 1 h but only increased slowly to 6.6 after 15 h. However, P. luminescens started with 5.6 after 1 h but increased smoothly to 7.5 after 15 h. X. bovienii and P. luminescens at 30 ℃ had a concentration of 6.2 after 1 h.
The lack of personal tutorials during school hours caused the learning approach at Vocational High Schools to be less optimal, and the student's competence is not achieved maximumly. Some computer-based self-learning systems have been developed as solutions to these problems. Unfortunately, the system's weakness is that learning does not pay attention to the diversity of students' abilities. Based on those, this research proposes an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) model using Bayesian Network at Vocational High Schools (SMK) to determine the level of students' abilities and teach skills competency materials based on each student's ability level. This is quantitative research with quasi-experimental using one group pretest-posttest design. The research participants were 69 students of the Computer and Network Engineering expertise program at SMK Negeri 4 Gowa and SMK Negeri 1 Gowa, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The results showed significant differences in students' learning outcomes after the use of the proposed ITS; in other words, the proposed ITS was effective in increasing the skill competency of Vocational High School Students. The evaluation results showed that the created Bayesian Network model had a high level of accuracy, reaching 84%.
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