Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of flare-up in terms of post-operative pain and/or swelling, after step down and step back root canal preparation technique. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted from 28th October 2011 to 27th April 2012 in de'Montmorency College of Dentistry, Lahore.150 patients with irreversible pulpitis were randomly al- lotted in two equal groups (Group A and B) and root canals were prepared with step-down andstep- back technique respectively. Pain was recorded using visual analogue scale on 1st, 7th and 14th post-operative day. Data was analysed using SPSS version 17.0. Results: In Group A, 67 patients had no flare-up and 8 patients had flare-up on 14th postoperative day. In Group B, 57 patients had no flare-up and 18 patients had flare-up on 14th postoperative day. Out of 150 patients 26 (17.33%) showed flare-up and 124 (82.66%) showed no flare-up. The overall flare-up in Group A was 10.6% and in Group B was 24% after 14 days. Conclusions: Step-down technique is better for root canal preparation as evaluated by the comparison of flare-up by step-down and step-back techniques.
The Neelum river catchment contributes about 40% to the inflow of Mangla dam, one of the major water reservoirs in Pakistan. Most of the runoff is generated from snowmelt making the catchment susceptible to climate change. Snowmelt-Runoff Model (SRM), a simple degree-day model, has been applied in this study to forecast stream flows in the Neelum river catchment under three future climate change scenarios i.e. a) +2°C temperature increase, b) +2°C temperature increase and 20% increase in precipitation, and c) a 20% increase in precipitation. The study area was divided into 10 elevation zones with 500 m elevation interval. MODIS daily snow product MOD10A1 was used to map snow cover. MOD10A1 tiles and spatially distributed NOAA precipitation tiles were downloaded and projected and a cloud elimination technique was applied on MOD10A1 tiles. Python script tools were developed in ArcGIS to batch process NOAA and cloud free MODIS tiles to give mean precipitation and snow covered area zone-wise respectively in a fully automated process. SRM Model was calibrated for 2003-2005 and validated for 2006-2008 with 0.93 average coefficient of determination, R 2 and 1.46% average seasonal volume difference, D v . Climate change scenario "b" resulted in 27% increase in the flow discharge. Scenarios "a" and "c" resulted in 21% and 6% increase in discharge respectively. The increase in flow discharge demands development of new water reservoirs in the catchment.
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