Lubricating grease is usually produced from mineral oil, making the relationship between grease and mineral oil unavoidable. Formulation of grease from waste oil can reduce the dependency of the grease industry on mineral oil as well as help to reduce the waste generation of used oil. This study aims to produce fumed silica (FS) grease from waste engine oil (WEO) and analyse the properties of the formulated grease. The method started with treating WEO to remove any contaminants in the used oil. After that, the greases are produced using a weight percentage ratio before being examined for consistency, oil separation, oil bleeding, FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) analysis, and corrosiveness. In terms of uniformity, oil separation, and oil bleeding, WEO percentage content had a substantial impact on the findings. The FTIR demonstrated that synthetic greases had the same spectra when evaluated between 500 cm<sup>-1</sup> and 4000 cm<sup>-1</sup>. The grease's corrosiveness is low, as determined by class 1 corrosiveness toward the copper strip. However, the grease properties differ when consistency, oil bleeding and oil separation test is done. Higher oil content in grease produced high oil bleeding and separation but low consistency. As a conclusion of the results, fumed silica grease with oil percentages of 83 and 82 have the most grease-like features, showing that the grease fits the traits' requirements. Based on the investigation's findings, it was established that WEO may be used as a base oil in grease formulation and that the grease's properties are satisfactory.
Alpinia purpurata (Halia Bara) is a perennial herbaceous plant with virtually identical qualities to common ginger, but with smaller and more pungent rhizomes. It is widely known for ornamental purposes and is also applied in the medicinal field. Extraction of essential oil and hydrosol of Alpinia purpurata can be done through the hydro distillation method. The essential oil contains α-pinene, β-caryophyllene, geranial, neral and β-pinene that contribute to medicinal values while hydrosol's chemical components are yet to be identified. Hence, the primary objective of this study is to use the hydro distillation method to identify the chemical constituents and functional groups of active chemical compounds present in Alpinia purpurata's rhizomes hydrosol. Hydro distillation is also done at different heating temperatures and distillation times to see what influence temperature and distillation time have on the components and active compounds in the hydrosol. The powdered sample is used for extraction at 60°C, 80°C, and 100°C, with distillation periods of 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 hours. Burette is used to extract essential oil from the hydrosol. To further investigate the hydrosol, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) are utilised extensively. The major chemical constituents detected in Alpinia purpurata's hydrosol at 100°C for 2.5 hours of distillation time include 1-Dodecanamine (40.08 %) and functional groups present are O-H, N-H, C-H, and C=H stretching, according to GC-MS and FTIR data. The increased heating temperature and distillation time caused the denaturation of substances in the extracted hydrosol. The chemical constituents present in hydrosol are greatly different from the chemical constituents that are present in essential oil qualitatively and quantitatively.
Oroxylum Indicum (Indian Trumpet Flower) or called Bonglai in Malay is a medicinal plant widely used, especially in the Indian medicine system. Oroxylum Indicum can be extracted by the hydrodistillation method to obtain the essential oil and hydrosol. Nevertheless, the chemical constituents of the hydrosol of the leaves are yet to be determined as hydrosol is always discarded, leading to the wastage of products. Thus, this study investigated the chemical constituents of Oroxylum Indicum leaves hydrosol extracted by hydrodistillation by varying temperatures and determined the functional groups of the active constituents in the leaves for the benefit and usage in pharmaceutical industries. Hydro distillation is carried out at different temperatures to study the effect of temperatures on the active compounds in the hydrosol. The hydrosol sample of the leaves will be extracted by hydrodistillation method at temperatures of 50℃, 70℃ and 80℃ and separated via rotary evaporator, and later analyzed by GC-MS and FTIR analysis. This study will help us to identify the value and amount yield of the chemical constituents of Oroxylum Indicum leaves hydrosol which will be able to determine whether it will have significant values equal to the essential oil. From FTIR analysis, the functional groups for all samples are the same which are O-H stretch, H- bonded, N-H stretch and C=C stretch. The chemical constituents of Oroxylum Indicum hydrosol were determined by GC-MS analysis. The major components of hydrosol produced at 50℃ are squalene (10.44%), 2ethylehexyl palmitate (8.56%), palmitic acid (7.50%), and di-n-2-propyl pentyl phthalate (1.69%), and at 70℃ is acetic acid (5.88%) only, while at 80℃ are only traces components respectively. This is due to most compounds contained may be decomposed during the preparation of samples prior to both analyses also the efficiency of the system and procedure during the extraction.
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