The major aim of this study is to analyze relationship between social, economic, and environmental sustainability. Panel analysis is carried out for nineteen Asian economies, which are divided into three subgroups ; South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Central & East Asia. To draw empirical evidences meta-system has been utilized. Results divulge a trade-off between economic and environmental sustainability when all countries are considered. Whilst, in the case of sub-regions no such trade-off is apparent. Furthermore, interactions between economic, social, and environmental sustainability is statistically significant. It implies that these factors are interdependent and affect each other. Thus, the allocation of scarce financial resources should seek convergence between economic, social, and environmental sustainability dimensions of sustainable development. The empirical evidences also indicated that Globalization has a negative impact on environmental sustainability in South Asia, while its impact was positive in Southeast and Central & East Asian regions. Social inclusiveness has a positive relationship with social sustainability, while, technological change has a positive impact on economic sustainability, in all regions of Asia. Thus, these factors may act as transmission channels to achieve sustainable development in the region and should be the focus of economic policies.
Pakistan continues to suffer from a syndrome of high fiscal
deficits and severe incidence of debt. Its annual fiscal deficit has
stayed constantly at over 6 percent of GDP especially since 1990
[Pakistan (1997-98)]. The prevalence of such a high fiscal deficit over
the years in a row has propelled increased borrowing from both internal
and external sources to cover the resource gap. With inadequate
improvement in the repayment capacity of the country debt has continued
to accumulate at a massive rate. Serving as the cause and effect of each
other, the volumes of both the fiscal deficit and debt have soared
continuously. The most devastating consequence of high fiscal deficit
and soaring debt has been the continuous accrual of massive
debt-servicing. In fact, both the debt and debt-servicing have reached
unaffordable limits. How to alleviate this situation has become the
foremost issue of the country. While complete elimination of all the
debt and thereby debt-servicing may not be easy to accomplish in the
short run, efforts are needed to systematically bring the fiscal deficit
down to a minimum affordable limit. What may be the minimum financeable
level of fiscal deficit and how it may be reduced to that level are the
issues addressed in this paper.
This paper identifies important economic and social determinants
of child labour, taking grassroots level data on the working children of
Dera Ismail Khan City of Pakistan. Working conditions and their impact
on child health are also identified. The variables like fertility, adult literacy
and schooling system etc., are empirically examined. The analysis shows
that poverty is the main cause of child labour in the city while other
factors such as fertility, family size, adult illiteracy and schooling system
also contribute to the supply of child labour. The situation is comparatively
less serious for female child labour, showing the importance of traditional
factors, which restrict females from working outside their homes. The
social system of the area does not allow female children to work outside the
home. Therefore, female child labour is not wide spread in the city, which
is contradictory to the findings of the national survey on child labour.
Thus, national surveys do not accurately represent regional child labour by
sex. The present study has been carried out in an area which is backward
and where child labour is wide spread.
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