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Breast cancer is a highly prevalent disease in females that may lead to mortality in severe cases. The mortality can be subsided if breast cancer is diagnosed at an early stage. The focus of this study is to detect breast malignancy through computer-aided diagnosis (CADx). In the first phase of this work, Hilbert transform is employed to reconstruct B-mode images from the raw data followed by the marker-controlled watershed transformation to segment the lesion. The methods based only on texture analysis are quite sensitive to speckle noise and other artifacts. Therefore, a hybrid feature set is developed after the extraction of shape-based and texture features from the breast lesion. Decision tree, k-nearest neighbor (KNN), and ensemble decision tree model via random under-sampling with Boost (RUSBoost) are utilized to segregate the cancerous lesions from the benign ones. The proposed technique is tested on OASBUD (Open Access Series of Breast Ultrasonic Data) and breast ultrasound (BUS) images collected at Baheya Hospital Egypt (BHE). The OASBUD dataset contains raw ultrasound data obtained from 100 patients containing 52 malignant and 48 benign lesions. The dataset collected at BHE contains 210 malignant and 437 benign images. The proposed system achieved promising accuracy of 97% with confidence interval (CI) of 91.48% to 99.38% for OASBUD and 96.6% accuracy with CI of 94.90% to 97.86% for the BHE dataset using ensemble method.

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Among constituents of communication architecture, routing is the most energy squeezing process. In this survey article, we are targeting an innovative aspect of analysis on routing in wireless sensor network (WSN) that has never been seen in the available literature before. This article can be a guiding light for new researchers to comprehend the WSN technology, energy aware routing, and the factors that affect the energy aware routing in WSN. This insight comprehension then makes the ways easy for them in designing such types of algorithms as well as evaluating the authenticity and extending the existing algorithms of this category, since algebraic and graphical modelling of these factors is also demonstrated. Various available techniques used by existing routing algorithms to handle these factors in making themselves energy aware are also given. Further, they are analyzed along with the suggested improvements for the researchers. At the end, we presented our previously published research work as an example and case study of discussed factors. A rich list of references is also cited for interested readers to explore the related given points.

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Deep learning is one of the most unexpected machine learning techniques which is being used in many applications like image classification, image analysis, clinical archives and object recognition. With an extensive utilization of digital images as information in the hospitals, the archives of medical images are growing exponentially. Digital images play a vigorous role in predicting the patient disease intensity and there are vast applications of medical images in diagnosis and investigation. Due to recent developments in imaging technology, classifying medical images in an automatic way is an open research problem for researchers of computer vision. For classifying the medical images according to their relevant classes a most suitable classifier is most important. Image classification is beneficial to predict the appropriate class or category of unknown images. The less discriminating ability and domain-specific categorization are the main drawbacks of low-level features. A semantic gap that exists between features of low-level as machine understanding and features of human understanding as high-level perception. In this research, a novel image representation method is proposed where the algorithm is trained for classifying medical images by deep learning technique. A pre-trained deep convolution neural network method with the fine-tuned approach is applied to the last three layers of deep neural network. The results of the experiment exhibit that our method is best suited to classify various medical images for various body organs. In this manner, data can sum up to other medical classification applications which supports radiologist's efforts for improving diagnosis.