Summary
Rapidly evacuating fossil fuels, oil, natural gas assets, and environmental effects has made the hybrid electric vehicles more effective than conventional vehicles. There are a larger number of researches that have been carried out on fuel cell–based electric vehicles. This paper presents the nonlinear control that deals with hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for hybrid electric vehicles. HESS consists of two sources: a fuel cell and supercapacitor. Fuel cell acts as the main source while supercapacitor as the auxiliary source. These two sources are associated with bus bar link via power electronic circuitry to harness the power from these sources at single platform. A nonlinear control technique with merging effects of sliding mode and backstepping control is applied to attain the following control goals: (a) better DC bus voltage regulation, (b) reference tracking of fuel cell current and supercapacitor current, and (c) global stability of proposed system. The main reason behind applying the sliding mode–based backstepping control is because of nonlinearities present in the nature of the system. The simulation has been performed on Matlab/Simulink to ensure the fast convergence, better DC voltage regulation, and error‐free reference tracking with zero initial overshoot to meet all the control objectives.
Renewable-energy-resource-based microgrids can overcome excessive carbon footprints and increase the overall economic profile of a country. However, the intermittent nature of renewables and load variation may cause various control problems which highly affect the power quality (frequency and voltages) of the overall system. This study aims to develop an adaptive technique for the optimization of renewable energy resources (RERs). The proposed grid-tied microgrid has been designed using a wind-turbine (WT) based distributed generation, a photovoltaic (PV) system, a diesel generator as an emergency backup, and battery energy storage system (BESS). The flexible (residential) and non-flexible (industrial) loads are connected with the proposed grid. Matlab/Simulink has been used to evaluate the performance of the proposed optimization technique. Comparison with different in-use techniques shows that the proposed technique is more reliable and efficient than the state of the art optimization techniques currently in use. Moreover, this proposed system provides robust optimization of parameters of concern such as frequency and voltages, makes efficient use of the maximum power point tracking while regulating voltages, reduces the overall system cost, and increases economic profitability.
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