Sperm-specific phospholipase C zeta (PLCζ) initiates intracellular calcium (Ca2+) transients which drive a series of concurrent events collectively termed oocyte activation. Numerous investigations have linked abrogation and absence/reduction of PLCζ with forms of male infertility in humans where oocyte activation fails. However, very few studies have examined potential relationships between PLCζ and advancing male age, both of which are increasingly considered to be major effectors of male fertility. Initial efforts in humans may be hindered by inherent PLCζ variability within the human population, alongside a lack of sufficient controllable repeats. Herein, utilizing immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) we examined for the first time PLCζ protein levels and localization patterns in sperm, and PLCζ mRNA levels within testes, from mice at 8 weeks, 12 weeks, 24 weeks, and 36 weeks of age, from two separate strains of mice, C57BL/6 (B6; inbred) and CD1 (outbred). Collectively, advancing male age generally diminished levels and variability of PLCζ protein and mRNA in sperm and testes, respectively, when both strains were examined. Furthermore, advancing male age altered the predominant pattern of PLCζ localization in mouse sperm, with younger mice exhibiting predominantly post-acrosomal, and older mice exhibiting both post-acrosomal and acrosomal populations of PLCζ. However, the specific pattern of such decline in levels of protein and mRNA was strain-specific. Collectively, our results demonstrate a negative relationship between advancing male age and PLCζ levels and localization patterns, indicating that aging male mice from different strains may serve as useful models to investigate PLCζ in cases of male infertility and subfertility in humans.
its use (1). Metformin has been associated with lactic acidosis. Although metforminassociated lactic acidosis (MALA) is rare, it is fatal in approximately half of all cases. MALA is precipitated by clinical conditions that cause substantial tissue hypoperfusion and hypoxia and thus are identified as precautions and contraindications to its use in package labeling (1,2). Four studies have previously found that metformin is commonly prescribed, despite risk factors, with a range of 24.5-54% in outpatients and 64-73% in inpatients (3,5-7). The purpose of our study was to determine the frequency of inappropriate prescribing of metformin to patients with precautions or contraindications at an academic health center and secondarily to compare the findings with previously published studies. This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board of the University of Michigan. We performed a chart review where 100 inpatients and 103 outpatients were randomly selected from 300 patients who received metformin between January and June of 2003. Patients' medical records were used to collect demographic data, clinical characteristics, laboratory parameters, and information about contraindications and precautionary conditions. Risk factors for MALA were identified through ICD-9 codes in the clinical data repository, laboratory tests, and medical notes. A power analysis estimated that a sample size of 78 patients in each group was sufficient to detect a 20% difference in the frequency of inappropriate prescribing compared with the frequency (73%) reported by Holstein et al. (␣ ϭ 0.05,  ϭ 0.8) (3). A sample size of 100 patients per group was selected for simplicity. Frequencies of inappropriate prescribing were compared with literaturereported rates using Fisher's exact test (4). Inpatient results were compared with those of Calabrese et al. (5). Outpatient results were compared with those of Emslie-Smith et al. (6).
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) use in acute respiratory failure is increasing. We aim to compare characteristics and outcomes of patients with prolonged (≥21 days) veno-venous (VV) ECMO runs (pECMO), to patients with short (<21 days) VV ECMO runs (sECMO). The observational retrospective single-center study compared patients who received VV ECMO from January 2018 to June 2019 at Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Forty-three patients were supported with VV ECMO during the study period, of whom 37 are included as six patients were still receiving ECMO at time of data collection: 24 sECMO and 13 pECMO patients. Baseline characteristics and comorbidities were similar except pECMO patients were older and had a lower P/F ratio (61 [58–68] vs. 71[58–85.5], p = 0.05). Survival to hospital discharge (69% vs. 83%, p = 0.32; pECMO vs. sECMO) and 90 day survival (62% vs. 75%, p = 0.413; pECMO vs. sECMO) were similar among groups. At 1 year follow-up, all patients were still alive and independently functioning except for one patient in the pECMO group who required a walking aid related to trauma. In this single-center study, patients requiring pECMO had similar short- and long-term survival to those requiring sECMO duration.
<p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana meningkatkan jumlah produk diversifikasi pangan lokal berbahan dasar sagu. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif. Desain penelitiannya adalah penelitian survey yaitu penelitian yang mengambil sampel dari suatu populasi dan menggunakan kuesioner sebagai alat bantu pengumpulan data yang pokok. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara, observasi, dan pencatatan.Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer dan data sekunder.Data primer diperoleh melalui wawancara langsung dengan responden sedangkan data sekunder diperoleh secara tidak langsung seperti buku.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa diversifikasi pangan lokal berbahan dasar sagu UKM Senang Hati di Desa Poreang Kecamatan Tana Lili Kabupaten Luwu Utara yaitu bacci laung dan kerupuk sagu.</p><p>Kata kunci: potensi, olahan, sagu, diversifikasi, pangan</p>
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