In grassland studies, an intermediate level of grazing often results in the highest species diversity. Although a few hypotheses have been proposed to explain this unimodal response of species diversity to grazing intensity, no convincing explanation has been provided. Here, we build a lattice model of a grassland community comprising multiple species with various levels of grazing. We analyze the relationship between grazing and plant diversity in grasslands under variable intensities of grazing pressure. The highest species diversity is observed at an intermediate grazing intensity. Grazers suppress domination by the most superior species in birth rate, resulting in the coexistence of inferior species. This unimodal grazing effect disappears with the introduction of a small amount of nongrazing natural mortality. Unimodal patterns of species diversity may be limited to the case where grazers are the principal source of natural mortality.
The quality of Indonesia's higher education institutions has not excelled compared to Southeast Asian countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand. Based on 2020 data, the percentage of higher education institutions in Indonesia that have been accredited is 59%. It is crucial to evaluate and improve the factors that affect the quality of higher education institutions based on the student's perspective, the primary customer of higher education institutions. This study aims to evaluate the quality of higher education institutions based on students' satisfaction in real-time. Furthermore, this research will propose a design of an information system that can automate the evaluation process. The findings of this study can be applied to the existing system, providing information and analysis to support the policy-making process.
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