Reproductive health is concerned with the people’s ability to have a satisfying and safe sex life ensuring their capability to reproduce with a liberty of decision that if, when and how often they must do so. In Pakistan, culturally females are married in young age; become mother and are at risk of health complications in agrarian and non-agrarian communities. There is less utilization of reproductive health services throughout Pakistan that ultimately affect health status of people at very young age. Most of the communities are not aware of reproductive health services, thus not availing these facilities. So, the present study was designed to examine the females’ perceptions, attitude towards pregnancy and antenatal care (ANC) as well as their empowerment to take decisions regarding safe pregnancy and practice of antenatal care services and to suggest some measures for policy makers to improve the reproductive health state of young mothers in district Faisalabad. A sample of 600 young married females of age 15-32 years were selected through multistage sampling technique. Rural and Civics areas of District Faisalabad were universe of study. Uni-variate (frequency distribution and percentage) and Bivariate analysis (Chi square and Gamma Statistics) was carried out. Most (44.0%) of the respondents were of age 26-30 years their husbands (57.8%) were above 31 years old; mostly had primary and above level of education while their husbands’ (69.6%) had SSC or below level of education. About two third (65.9%) of the respondents had up to Rs. 10,000 per month income, 49.2% possessed 6-10 family members and 73.5% beard at least 2 and above live children and beard marriage duration more than 5 years (60.1%). Majority received ANC (79.8%) from clinics/ Doctor (30.7%), LHV/LHW (23.2%) in their last pregnancy; made one visit (69.2%) per month during pregnancy and each visit cost Rs. 251-1000 and more (72.7%); women need regular checkup (90.3%); it should start from 3rd month (56.2%); decision for treatment should be made by women herself (40.8%); pure food for mothers (70.7%) is needed as nature of care and causes of maternal death during pregnancy were heavy bleeding (29.0%) and miscarriage / due to complication (22.6%). Bi-variate analysis showed highly significant relationships among number of pregnancies, cultural hindrance vs. their reproductive health. Pregnancy and antenatal care has closely associated and had important place in reproductive life of a female. Females should be empowered to decide their numbers of pregnancies, spacing and ANC services to keep themselves healthy and productive.
Objective: To explore the relationship between psychological well-being and psycho-social adjustment ofeconomically independent and dependent single parents belonging to various socio-economic classes. Study Design: Correlational study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at technical services association, Lahore, from Jun 2018 to Aug 2019. Methodology: A sample of 213 single parents with ages ranging from 25 to 50 was selected through purposivesampling. Psychological Well-Being Scale Revisited and Psychological Adjustment Scale were used. Results: Multivariate analysis showed that well-being and adjustment levels of divorced (M=114.17, SD=24.5),(M= 88.89, SD=19.45) single parents was significantly lower than those of widowed (M=136.78, SD=17.68),(M=105.86, SD=10.88) ones respectively. Also, economically independent (M=135.1, SD=20.38), (M=104.0, SD=14.5) single parents had better well-being and adjustment than those who are economically dependent (M=108.3, SD=24.5), (M=85.5, SD=17.1). Furthermore, post-hoc tests revealed significantly low psychological well-being (M=130.72, SD=23.16) and adjustment (M=81, SD=12.23) of single parents from lower social class. Conclusion: The study concludes that socio-economic status and economic independence/dependence have aprofound impact on the psychological wellbeing and adjustment of single parents. These findings will promotethe understanding of single parenting in collectiveistic cultures and may lead towards learning of coping strategies to foster psychological well-being, familial and social adjustments of single parents.
Application of pesticides are made to control those insects and pest that approach the crops and damage them. From centuries, for the protection of crops, different sorts of pesticides are in practice. On the one hand pesticide benefits the crops, meanwhile it injurious for environment and & human health. Because it’s unnecessary application poses negative effects on biodiversity and all living organism i.e. birds, animals and human etc. faces threats for their survival. Study objectives were (i) to find out the effects of pesticides on farmer’s health and (ii) to suggest some recommendations for future policy to improve farmer’s health. For this study, a sample of 160 respondents (male farmers) were selected through multistage sampling technique. At first stage, 4 union councils from total 111 UCs, at second stage, 8 localities/ Basties /urban areas (2 from each union council) were selected randomly and at third stage, 20 respondents from each locality were selected by convenient sampling technique. Results showed that majority respondents were young illiterate married persons who were living in joint family system (62.5%); had family income Rs. 12,001-25,000 (63.1%); land tendency status of majority (91.3%) was own cultivator and 1-4 acres cultivate per year (45.0%). Majority (86.9%) of the respondents said that through inhalation source pesticides enter the human body and they prepared the pesticides stuff in field (94.3%). Data also showed about pesticides usage in crops and its different effects on farmer’s health i.e. heard about illness caused by pesticides (87.5%); is cause of air pollution (65.6%); pesticides particularly harmful for farm workers health (88.8%); after the application of pesticides, farmers faced health problems (83.8%); family members felt sick (71.9%) while after handling pesticides they faced shortness of breath (75.6%); experienced redness of skin (69.4%), nervous disorder (77.5%), headache (56.9%), excessive sweating (51.2%), diarrhea (75.0%); abdominal pain (73.1%); eyes burning (85.0%); respiratory disorder (76.3%); dry cough (80.0%); fever (81.2%); dry throat (84.4%); sleeplessness and laziness (76.9%); vomiting (78.8%); vision disturbance (86.9%) and pesticides usage is the risk of cancer (81.9%). Data showed that during pesticides spray respondents used the different personal protective equipment i.e. ordinary clothes to apply pesticides (98.1%); long-sleeved shirt (81.9%); spray coat with hoods (80.0%); gumboots (85.0%); nose masks (89.4%); goggles (66.2%) and hand gloves (66.9%) as well as take a shower immediately after mixing/ spraying (86.9%). Bi-variate analysis showed significant relationship between more the use of improper goggles vs. more the burning of eyes and more the use of improper nose mask vs. more the respiratory disorder problems among farmers. Govt. need to take strict action & measures against producers of hazardous & injurious pesticides and through intensive trainings, & short term courses guide farmers regarding safe & harmless application of pesticides to protect themselves
Objective: To explore the cultural risk factors influencing the Postpartum Depression of first-born infants’mothers. Study Design: Correlational survey. Place and Duration of Study: Jannat Maternity Home, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan, from Jan to Nov 2019. Methodology: A sample of 101 first-born infants’ mothers with ages ranging from 18 to 26 years was selectedthrough purposive sampling. Edinburgh Post-Partum Depression Scale and Oslo Social Support Scale were used. Results: Results suggested significantly lower mean scores for Postpartum Depression of mothers having a firstborn baby boy (M=5.98, SD=2.44) and higher for those having a girl (M=18.33, SD=4.62). Multi-factorial analysis of variance indicated a significant main effect of Social Support and Family System on Postpartum Depression levels of first-born infants’ mothers, explaining 44% and 11% variance respectively. Further, Post-Hoc analysis revealed higher levels of Postpartum Depression for mothers having poor Social Support (M=17.30, SD=6.15) as compared to those having moderate (M=9.68, SD=6.27) and strong Social Support (M=6.26, SD=2.30). Moreover, pair wise-comparisons demonstrated higher levels of Postpartum Depression for first-born infants’ mothers belonging to nuclear families (M=17.61, SD=7.09) as compared to joint ones (M=9.60, SD=5.70). Conclusion: The study establishes that first-born infants’ gender, degree of social support, and nature of familyhave a profound effect on the Postpartum Depression levels of mothers. These findings will extend the understanding of cultural risk factors influencing first-born infants’ mother’s mental health.
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