One main feature of Software Defined Networking (SDN) is the basic principle of decoupling a device's control plane from its data plane. This simplifies network management and gives network administrators a remarkable control over the network elements. As the control plane for each device within the network is now implemented on a separate controller, this reliefs individual devices from the overhead caused by complex routing. Specifically, this feature has been shown to be extremely beneficial in the case of resource-constrained Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). By keeping the control logic away from the low-powered nodes, the WSNs can resolve their major issues of resource underutilisation and counter-productivity. This paper highlights the importance of adopting the SDN in the WSNs as a relatively new networking paradigm. This is introduced through a comprehensive survey on relevant networking paradigms and protocols supported by a critical evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of these mechanisms. Furthermore, open research issues and challenges are pointed out shedding a light on future innovations in this field.
This study investigated the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of oleic acid (OA) that is abundantly found in palm oil for the production of renewable diesel. The effectiveness of mesoporous catalysts, HZSM-5 and zeolite beta, in favoring diesel hydrocarbons was determined. The catalysts were activated by calcination at 550 °C for 5 h and their physicochemical properties were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), temperature-programmed desorption using ammonia probe molecules (TPD-NH 3 ), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis (BET). XRD analysis of both zeolite beta and HZSM5 showed high crystalline size of 24 and 84 nm, respectively. BET analysis found that the zeolite beta catalyst had a greater surface area (648 m 2 g −1 ) than HZSM5 (465 m g −1 ) without significant differences in pore size and volume. According to the TPD-NH 3 study, zeolite beta had the most weak + medium acid sites when compared to HZSM5. It should be noted that HZSM5 also demonstrated the presence of strong acid sites. The optimal conditions for both catalysts were 350 °C, 4 MPa hydrogen pressure, and 5% catalyst load over a 2 h reaction period. From the results, the zeolite beta exhibited superior HDO reaction activity than HZSM5 with diesel selectivity ~ 77%.
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