Distributed learning is derived from the concept of distributed resources. Different institutions around the globe connected through network and the learners are diverse, located in the different cultures and communities. Distributed learning provides global standards of quality to all learners through synchronous and asynchronous communications and provides the opportunity of flexible and independent learning with equity, low cost educational services and has become the first choice of the dispersed learners around the globe. The present study was undertaken to investigate the challenges faced by the Faculty Members of Department of Business Administration and Computer Science at Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad Pakistan. 25 Faculty Members were taken as sample of the study from both Departments (100% Sampling). The study was qualitative in nature and interview was the data collection tool. Data was analyzed by thematic analysis technique. The major challenges faced by the Faculty Members were as: bandwidth, synchronous learning activities, irregularity of the learners, feedback on individual work, designing and managing the learning activities, quality issues and training to use the network for teaching learning activities.
Objectives: To determine the age and gender specific prevalence of different refractive errors in the patients presenting to the Ophthalmology Departments of the tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Analytical Cross-sectional study. Setting: Departments of Outpatient Ophthalmology at THQ Hospital Kabirwala, The Children’s Hospital & The Institute of Child Health Multan and Nishtar Hospital, Multan. Period: January 2020 to May 2020. Material & Methods: A total of 400 patients ≥ 4 years age of either gender were included. Patients with history of ocular surgery, trauma and advanced fundus disease were excluded. Age and gender of the patients was noted. Clinical examination and autorefraction were carried out. Quantitative data is presented as mean ± SD and qualitative data as frequency and percentages. Chi-square test is used to assess the association of refractive errors with age groups and gender. Results: Median age of the participants was 20 years (range 04 – 92 years). Males constituted 58% (n = 232) of the study participants. Most common refractive error were astigmatism (n=298, 74.5%) and myopia in 187 (46.75%) patients. Prevalence of myopia was significantly higher (p-value < 0.001) in 11-20 (39.6%) and 21-40 (34.2%) years age group and in males (64.7%, p-value 0.01). Hypermetropia was significantly higher (p-value <0.001) in 4-10 (36.8%) and ≥ 41 (38.7%) years age group with no gender predilection. Conclusion: This study shows prevalence of myopia being highest in males age 11-40 years and prevalence of hypermetropia being highest in children between 4-10 year and elderly ≥ 41 year with no gender predilection.
Objective: To evaluate the patterns of refractive errors in albino patients in pediatric age group and to find out the most common refractive error in these patients. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Recruited all patients who visited Eye OPD of The Children’s Hospitals and The Institute of Child Healths, Lahore and Multan. Period: July 2021 to December 2021. Material & Methods: Between the ages of 02 to 12 years. The participants presented with oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) were included and the participants with ocular pathologies like congenital cataract, retinopathy of prematurity, buphthalmos etc were excluded. Cycloplegic refraction was done to evaluate the refractive errors and fundoscopy was done to find out ocular pathology. Non-probability convenient technique was used. Chi square test was used for statistical analysis. Results: This study recruited 22 patients with OCA between the ages of 02-12 years (mean age: 6.86 ± 3.385), 13 were male patients and 09 were female patients. 19 patients (86.36 %) had visual acuity (VA) fix and follow the light and 03 (13.64 %) patients were not able to fix and follow the light. Most of the patients have moderate type of refractive error. 06 patients (27.3%) had mild refractive error, 09 patients (40.9%) had moderate and 07 patients (31.8%) had severe refractive error. 13 patients (59.1%) showed astigmatism, 08 patients (36.4%) showed hypermetropia and only 01 patient (4.5%) showed myopia. Nystagmus was present in all 22 patients. Conclusion: This study suggested that astigmatism was the most common refractive error in OCA patients followed by hypermetropia. If refractive errors are not managed timely it will affect their daily life activities and increase the burden on the community.
Objective: To determine the efficacy of Schirmer’s I test and TBUT test in dry eye changes in type II diabetic patients. Subjects& Methods: In these prospective study 58 (116 eyes) dry eye patients with diabetesmellitus type II patients with minimum duration of 5 year, with BCVA of 6/12 to 6/6. After baseline examination, TBUT Test and Schirmer’s Test I were performed to measure dry eye changes occurred due to DM type II.As the data was not normally distributed therefore Wilcoxon sign rank test were applied using p-value ≤0.05 as significant. Results:In the current study on average duration of diabetes was 5.90±1.17 (Range 5-9)years. 30(50.8%) had 5 years history of diabetes, 15(25.4%) had 6years, 7(11.9%) has 7years, 4(6.8%) had 8years and 3(5.1%) had 9 years history of diabetes. Schirmer's Test I Ocular Dexter (OD) &Oculus Sinister (OS) were 12.90±3.65mm and 12.56±3.23mm. Mean difference was statistically significant (p-value 0.022). Whereas mean TBUT of Ocular Dexter (OD) &Oculus Sinister (OS) were 18.81±6.730 and 19.63±7.083 respectively, the mean difference was not statistically significant (p-value 0.342). Differences between TBUT & Schirmer’s I test of OD and TBUT & Schirmer’s I test of OS were statistically significant (p-value <0.001). Conclusion: This study evaluates that TBUT Test are much significant as compared to Schirmer’s test because they have so much difference in their Mean ± Std. Deviation. Keywords: TBUT Test, Schirmer’s Test I, Diabetes type II, Dry Eye.
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