This paper examines the increasing presence of merchants in Northern Nigeria purchasing donkeys in large numbers beyond domestic consumption in parts of Nigeria that eat its meat and drink its milk. Also, this paper examines the economic and social effects on donkey users, especially in rural areas. Theoretically, this paper has adopted a Marxist explanation as the framework of analysis to analyse the trade between China and Nigeria. Methodologically, this paper employed a phenomenological research design under qualitative research where data were obtained from in-depth interviews and key informant interviews in Kebbi, Zamfara and Sokoto States with owners, marketers and users of donkeys in the selected states. This paper found that the areas surveyed witnessed an influx of marketers, foreign and domestic, who were into the business of trading donkeys or its skin. This paper also found that as a result of the high demand for donkeys, the owners preferred to sell their donkeys than domesticate them, because of the mouth-watering price from exporters. The study revealed that the majority of the villagers were not aware of what the exporters used the donkeys for. This is because the Chinese traders or their agents have not established manufacturing in Nigeria where the donkey serves as a raw material for the production of a traditional medicine called ejiao. This paper concludes that villagers are not aware of the cumulative effects of the unprecedented demand for donkey’s skin to produce ejiao and this is evident in the shrinking population of donkeys in Nigeria. This paper recommends that if trading donkeys is not controlled, there is a tendency that the donkey would become extinct in Nigeria, which will have adverse effects on the life of rural dwellers who rely on it for transportation of goods and domesticate it as an asset. Keywords: China, donkey’s skin, ejiao, globalisation, Nigeria, trading.
The paper examines the changes that occurred over time between Christians and Muslim in rural settlements. The study collected data from focus group discussions (FGDs) with married literate adolescent girls and unmarried non-literate adolescent girls. Christian and Muslim faith leaders as well as a government official were interviewed. The study revealed the rising rate of early marriage among Christians who were hitherto known to the delayed marriage of girl-child above 18 years. These changes have been attributed to the rising rate of poverty. This is because most of the rural families in the areas surveyed regardless of their faith; are polygamous because of the nature of their occupation--subsistence farming which relied on manual labour from the family. Cultural beliefs are still adhered to in rural settlements, most parents viewed girl-child as a problem which if left unmarried, may bring shame to the family: teenage pregnancy out of wedlock which is regarded as a taboo. The paper concludes that there is a need for the cultural reorientation and awareness on how rural dwellers view girl-child. Also, it is pertinent to introduce poverty reduction projects in rural areas and the establishment of schools closer to the people as well as imparting sex education.
Peace, stability and security are the essential preconditions for development anywhere. Africa have been grappling with myriads of security challenges in its quest to rescue the inhabitants of the continent from doldrums of insecurity and underdevelopment which stunted growth and development. Achieving sustainable development is the core concept for the post 2015 development agenda that provides an integrated response to the complex security, environmental, societal, economic and governance challenges that directly and disproportionately affect people. Security is vital for sustainable development across Africa, the fundamental challenge of managing or ending conflict(s) remains; and with it comes the challenge of creating or sustaining secure environments and using security as an enabler for development. The nexus between sustainable development, on the one hand, and peace, stability, and security on the other is not a new concept. The increasing proliferations of crime rates, jihadist groups in Africa has been catastrophic since the departure of Muammar Gadhafi in 2011, armed conflicts in Mali, Al-Qaeda in the Maghreb and Boko Haram insurgency in Northern Nigeria has changed the bearing of development agenda compass in the continent, destroying social infrastructures and uprooting people from their social locations hence creating another dire humanitarian crises: refugees, Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), malnutrition, food crises and migrants risking their lives in the Mediterranean sea in an attempt to seek for where pasture is greener in Europe, Asia and America. Activities of sea pirates in the Gulf of Guinea and militants in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria has grossly undermine sustainable development. The emergence of Niger Delta Avengers (NDA) and their activities of blowing oil pipeline has not only grounded the Nigerian economy which has been glaring in the inability of most State Governments in Nigeria to pay workers’ salaries, and gas spillage has been aggravating the already damaged ecosystem hence putting all development projects almost impossible let alone to sustain them.
The complex and protracted nature of contemporary violent conflicts in Nigeria and other parts of the world poses increasingly significant challenges to the resolution of armed conflicts. Traditional peace mediation strategies and techniques have proven largely inefficient in responding to emerging security challenges presented by conflicts revolving around religious and ethnopolitical affiliations or other issues related to perceptions of group identity. The objectives of the paper are to review the works of civil society organisations (CSOs) in peacebuilding in post-conflict areas. The paper is limited to Plateau State in Nigeria and the post-election violence of 2008 in Kenya because of the efforts put in place by the CSOs in these countries. Based on the findings, the use of non-military or non-use force to resolve conflict provides lasting solutions because it brings the aggrieved parties to the roundtable to vent their grievances, complaints and perspectives about the issue at hand. The participation of the civil society organisations in volatile situations in Kenya and Nigeria has yielded tremendous success because they utilise the residents affected by the violence to fine-tune measures to address the problems. Keywords: Civil, peace, peacebuilding, organisation
The researcher reviewed the works of some major micro-theorists and deduced solutions to the problem. The researcher deduced one of the solutions from the works of Randall Collins which is named aggregation model. Similarly, another model was deduced from the works of James Coleman called coordination model. These models show a movement from micro-observations made or data collected to the macro level where generalisations are made or conclusions are drawn. The two models have depicted a scale of transition from micro (individual members of the society) to macro-level which is a large-scale structure of the society. The paper concludes that either of the two models presented above can solve the micro-macro problem in sociology and social theory in general. Keywords: Aggregation model, coordination model, micro, macro.
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