A sol-gel process is directed toward an electrode surface via electrochemical manipulation of the solubility of trimethoxysilyl group-modified methylene blue in an aqueous environment. The process lasts for 2-3 h and results in electrode derivatization with a polysiloxane network incorporating methylene blue. Cross-linking (curing) is completed by drying the films at room temperature for 2 days. The concentration of the phenothiazine moieties in the resulting xero films was calculated at ∼3.9 M, and the film density at ∼2.6 g/cm 3 . The average distance between phenothiazine moieties is <5 Å allowing interactions between their π-systems. The narrow pores between monomer units restrict movement of hydrated charge-compensating ions, so that the redox switching of the films depends upon the chemical identity of both the cation and anion of the supporting electrolyte. The films retain the electrochromic and electrocatalytic properties of the parent dye; for example, gold electrodes derivatized with the film mediate reduction of cytochrome c at potentials close to its standard electrochemical potential.
L55 based oxidation reaction. XRD results indicate that Li4Mn5O12 begins to disproportionate above 500°C. Li4Mn5O12 samples obtained by this low temperature approach exhibit a capacity close to the theoretical value with excellent cyclability.
The magnetic and crystallographic properties of induction-melted NdMn (6Ϫx) Fe x Ge 6 intermetallics ͑xϭ0, 1.0, and 1.5͒ in the temperature range of 30-475 K have been studied by x-ray and neutron diffraction techniques and SQUID measurements. All of the samples crystallized in the YCo 6 Ge 6-type structure (P6/mmm). A small amount ͑Ͻ5 mol%͒ of Nd͑MnFe͒ 2 Ge 2 is present as an impurity. As expected, iron replaces manganese at the 3g site. The unit cell volume decreases slightly with increasing iron content at an average rate of 1.3% per substituted atom. Lattice parameters a and c contract at a rate of 0.6% and 0.2% per substitution atom, respectively. The net magnetization of these samples decreases rapidly with increasing iron content. According to neutron diffraction data, the magnetic moment of the iron sublattice couples negatively with ferromagnetically coupled manganese and neodymium moments. Addition of iron suppresses the spin reorientation processes observed in NdMn 6 Ge 6. Whereas the net moment in NdMn 5 Fe 1 Ge 6 slowly cants away from the c-axis with increasing temperature, the easy direction of NdMn 4.5 Fe 1.5 Ge 6 is approximately parallel to the c-axis in the temperature range mentioned above.
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