In recent times, several approaches for targeted gene therapy (GT) had been studied, however emergence of ex-tracellular vesicles (EVs) as shuttle carrying genetic information between cells have gained a lot of interest in scientific communities. Owing to their higher capabilities in dealing with short sequences of nucleic acid (mRNA, miRNA), proteins, recombinant proteins, exosomes, the most popular form of EVs are viewed as a reliable biological therapeutic conveyers. They have natural access through every biological membrane and can be employed for site specific and efficient drug deliv-ery without eliciting any immune responses hence, qualifying as an ideal delivery vehicle. Also, there are many research studies conducted in last few decades on using exosome mediated gene therapy into developing an effective therapy with the concept of higher degree of precision in gene isolation, purification and delivery mechanism loading, delivery and targeting protocols. This review discusses several facets which contribute towards developing an efficient therapeutic regime for gene therapy, highlighting limitations and drawbacks associated with current GT and suggested therapeutic regimes
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressively fatal neurodegenerative disorder, is the most prominent form of dementia found today. Patients suffering from Alzheimer’s begin to show the signs and symptoms, like decline in memory and cognition, long after the cellular damage has been initiated in their brain. There are several hypothesis for the neurodegeneration process; however, the lack of availability of in vivo models makes the recapitulation of AD in humans impossible. Moreover, the drugs currently available in the market serve to alleviate the symptoms and there is no cure for the disease. There have been two major hurdles in the process of finding the same—the inefficiency in cracking the complexity of the disease pathogenesis and the inefficiency in delivery of drugs targeted for AD. This review discusses the different drugs that have been designed over the recent years and the drug delivery options in the field of nanotechnology that have been found most feasible in surpassing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and reaching the brain.
: The technique of gene therapy, ever since its advent nearly fifty years ago, has been utilized by scientists as a po-tential treatment option for various disorders. This review discusses some of the major neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Motor neuron diseases (MND), Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), Huntington's disease (HD), Multiple sclerosis (MS) etc. and their underlying genetic mechanisms along with therole that gene therapy can play in combating them. The pathogenesis and the molecular mechanisms specifying the altered gene ex-pression of each of these NDDs has also been discussed in elaboration. The use of gene therapy vectors can prove to be an effective tool in the field of curative modern medicine for the generations to come. Therefore, consistent efforts and pro-gressive research towards its implementation can provide us with powerful treatment options for disease conditions that have so far been considered as incurable
Human dermal layers are directly bared to the external environmental adversities like pollution, radiation, dust along with various chemical and mechanical stress conditions which constantly lead to the oxidative stress, eventually forming free radicals. These conditions also support the dermal microbial infections by invading the cutaneous layers. Therefore, the most efficient approach accepted globally to combat these complications is to opt for transdermal application of exogenous antioxidants which helps in reducing the ill effects of oxidative stress and promotes the DNA repair. However, many scientific findings exhibited the potential role of Theobroma cacao for providing efficient skin protection. Theobroma cacao known for its vital procyanidin flavonoids, phenolic compounds, methylxanthines, catechin and epicatechin phytoconstituents with numerous health benefits, besides helping in smoothening and softening the damaged skin. These therapeutic benefits of cocoa phytocompounds are attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative characteristics. This study addresses the fabrication and optimizations of Theobroma cacao extract loaded carbopol hydrogel system for increased antioxidative and antimicrobial effects. It was found in the studies that the hydrogel-based T. cacao extract (TCHG) has significantly improved the therapeutic index of the extract, making it more suitable for transdermal application. The optimized hydrogel was further characterized by physicochemical parameters, SEM analysis and in-vitro release kinetics. The reported findings showed the sustained compound release with comparatively significant antimicrobial activity of TCHG against microbial
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